Fundamentals of Effective Communication in the Workplace

Fundamentals of Effective Communication in the Workplace Natalie Manuel Professor Thomas Whenever Intro to Business August 3, 2014 There are a few times where I experienced effective communication in a business environment. One time in particular, I believe everyone demonstrated communicating effectively. At work there is a lot of chaos at times because there aren't many plans or guidelines put in place for customers regarding certain aspects of the business. My co-worker and I decided to create a few documents that can be .NET to the customer in certain situations.I work for GE oil & gas and we deal with customers who may need/want to return their blower for many reasons. We created a ARM authorization return form to keep everything organized. The form was very detailed and provided all the information the customer needs as well as the important information we would need to process the return. Along with this form, we created a standard order checklist. A lot of times we receive cus tomer Pop's that has missing information, incorrect pricing, wrong export information or incorrect vendor information, among other things.We created a document that was meant to be distributed to all the distributors and Memo's. The documents were sent to all the sales reps for review. Immediately we were met with issues from them. This is where the communication came in. We set-up for there to be a conference call with us and the sales rep. Once we were able to have the meeting, all questions and concerns were put on the table. Having an open dialogue is important in business and in life. With this conference call, we were able to edit some of the statements on the comments.As well as take some things off. Once that was complete, we were able to send these forms out to the customers. From that point on the effect it had on the business was an increase productivity. There were less Pop send backs to customers for corrections. That pleased the customers so much! Pleasing the customer s is always the goal, they help the business grow. Most of the customers really appreciated the help that the forms provided them. Without the conference call, none of this would have been possible.It could have been easy to take the sales rep issues and ignore them. I see in business a lot that people and their ideas are ignored. It only causes tension and mistrust. We understood that none of this was personal. Everyone had a great interest in seeing the business grow. Talking things out, keeps misunderstandings to a minimum. If I had to do it all over again, I wouldn't change a thing. Effective communication should be the goal for all businesses. â€Å"Effective communication in the workplace helps employees and managers form highly efficient teams. Fundamentals of Effective Communication in the Workplace Fundamentals of Effective Communication in the Workplace Natalie Manuel Professor Thomas Whenever Intro to Business August 3, 2014 There are a few times where I experienced effective communication in a business environment. One time in particular, I believe everyone demonstrated communicating effectively. At work there is a lot of chaos at times because there aren't many plans or guidelines put in place for customers regarding certain aspects of the business. My co-worker and I decided to create a few documents that can be .NET to the customer in certain situations.I work for GE oil & gas and we deal with customers who may need/want to return their blower for many reasons. We created a ARM authorization return form to keep everything organized. The form was very detailed and provided all the information the customer needs as well as the important information we would need to process the return. Along with this form, we created a standard order checklist. A lot of times we receive cus tomer Pop's that has missing information, incorrect pricing, wrong export information or incorrect vendor information, among other things.We created a document that was meant to be distributed to all the distributors and Memo's. The documents were sent to all the sales reps for review. Immediately we were met with issues from them. This is where the communication came in. We set-up for there to be a conference call with us and the sales rep. Once we were able to have the meeting, all questions and concerns were put on the table. Having an open dialogue is important in business and in life. With this conference call, we were able to edit some of the statements on the comments.As well as take some things off. Once that was complete, we were able to send these forms out to the customers. From that point on the effect it had on the business was an increase productivity. There were less Pop send backs to customers for corrections. That pleased the customers so much! Pleasing the customer s is always the goal, they help the business grow. Most of the customers really appreciated the help that the forms provided them. Without the conference call, none of this would have been possible.It could have been easy to take the sales rep issues and ignore them. I see in business a lot that people and their ideas are ignored. It only causes tension and mistrust. We understood that none of this was personal. Everyone had a great interest in seeing the business grow. Talking things out, keeps misunderstandings to a minimum. If I had to do it all over again, I wouldn't change a thing. Effective communication should be the goal for all businesses. â€Å"Effective communication in the workplace helps employees and managers form highly efficient teams.

Cosi †What Does Lewis Durig the Direction of the Play Besides Money Essay

‘Cosi’ written by Louis Nowra is a play that, explores the themes of love and fidelity, illusion and Delusion and identity and madness all explored through the events of the main character Lewis and the mental patients he works with. Lewis initially directs the play ‘Cosi Fan Tutte’ for the money but finds himself gaining more than just money as the play concludes. Throughout the play Lewis is able to grow and learn as a person through the play. This includes Lewis gaining new views on love and fidelity, His growth in confidence throughout the play, all while he gains a new positive respect and view on the mentally ill. Initially in the play Lewis’s feelings and attitude towards the mentally ill are highly negative but as he begins to work with them through directing the play he begins to see them without his previous mindset. â€Å"just leave† he says to himself on context of directing the â€Å"nuts† However Lewis progresses he starts to see them as normal humans, this is confirmed when near the end Act 1 where Nick says â€Å"they’re nuts† and Lewis defends the patients. Initially Lewis believes that the patients are dangerous and if they forgot to take their medication they could â€Å"go berserk† however as the play progresses Lewis’ views are shown to change the more time he spends rehearsing with the patients. This indicates his change in character and his dedication to helping those that he once viewed very negatively. By the conclusion of the play it is evident that Lewis has gained knowledge and new outlooks in regards towards the mentally ill and through the directing of the play Lewis was able to break past the stereotypical opinions and realize â€Å"They are ordinary people who have done extraordinary things, thought extraordinary thoughts. † The most important of all themes shown through ‘Cosi’ is definitely Love and Fidelity. Lewis begins the play with really no opinion towards love and fidelity other than what he had heard from Lucy, but as the play continues and advances towards the conclusion of the play Lewis learns and forms is own opinion that love and fidelity is actually important in any day and age. When Lewis is first asked about fidelity by one of the patients he responds with â€Å"Love is not so important nowadays† this is shows that he doesn’t really seem to have too strong opinion on the matter, and that it is of very low importance as well as he is following social norm and mainly influenced by the opinion of Lucy that fidelity is old fashioned. However, through great amounts of work with the patients and exposure to their thoughts and views on fidelity creates great insight for Lewis. Lewis gradually gains a new perspective on fidelity, which is greatly influenced by Henry when he says â€Å"My mother only loved my father, no one else. He died in Korea and she loved no one else but him. † Showing that even during war times people still can find time for love and that it is not just â€Å"an emotional indulgence for the privileged few† this also inspires Lewis to end his relationship with Lucy when he states â€Å"without love the word wouldn’t mean much. † Lewis begins the play with a very shy and introvert personality, presenting that he is lacking self-confidence. These characteristics are straight away evident within the opening scene of the play, when the play describes Lewis as â€Å"fumbling in the darkness†. This is suggesting that Lewis is has no great strive to do things in life and lacks motivation. This is also extremely obvious to the reader when Lewis at the beginning of the play when he suggests â€Å"we could do the Exception and the Rule† but then is bullied by the other patients particurly Roy into changing the play the patients will perform to ‘Cosi Fan Tutte’, however as the play progresses the patients begin to get on Lewis’ nerves, teaching him to take control of situations gain confidence in himself not only to direct but to have his own. Nowra shows this in the very last line of the play where he states to himself â€Å"time to turn out the lights† and the theatre goes black.

Punctuality

Every person in this world has morals and ethics that are differ from other. If people do not respect their morals and ethics, then obviously they do not respect their selves. For instance, respecting the time or punctuality is surely included in the personal ethics. It is important for each person to be punctual because it is conveys the personal ethics and increases the trusts of others. Academically, not being punctual will cause the student to miss information, failing classes and lose respect.The most significant effect of not being punctual is the student will miss classes, and that’s will cause the students to miss information. This information could range from pop quizzes to homeworks due dates. Furthermore, if the students permanently come late to the classes or misses it, they would not know about the homeworks due date or any information about it. Additionally, the students who are not punctual have a bigger chance of having lower grades on pop quizzes. Consequently , not respecting time will absolutely determine the total grade.Also, if the student has an assigned presentation to do and he/she are not punctual, he/she will fail to present what is assigned for them. Ultimately, the few minutes the students miss means more grades to lose. Secondly, the consequences of losing grades are apparently failing the classes. As a result, the student will have a lower GPA and will be dismissed from the university. The only thing that each student does not want to have is a low GPA, and that is why they study hard and put more effort on it.As a consequence, the A student is always punctual and will never miss any class. Because of having a lower GPA and not respecting punctuality, the student will be dismissed from the university. Surely no student wants to be dismissed from the university but punctuality is one of the unbreakable rules of the university. Accordingly, the student will face a hard time getting accepted from other universities, which most p robably will reject the admission request because of not respecting punctuality.One of the main effects of not being punctual, that the student will lose instructors, classmates and family respect. Firstly, the student who does not respect the class time and always comes late will lose the respect of the instructor. As a result, the instructors won’t be helpful to these students when it comes to the grades. Furthermore, the classmates will lose faith and trust on those who are not punctual. Because of their habits they can’t be trusted especially when it comes to studying and doing a group projects.Also, after being dismissed from the university and basically losing all the opportunities of having a good life, the family will not respect the unpunctual student and will treats them as a child. Because they spent so much money and time, and they are rewarded by being unpunctual. Finally, Punctuality is substantial and it must be respected from all the people. It is a mir ror for people’s ethics and countries culture. Personally, I would not go to the class rather than going late. Each student has to be punctual when it comes to class attendance, because it is one of the keys of academic success. Punctuality Every person in this world has morals and ethics that are differ from other. If people do not respect their morals and ethics, then obviously they do not respect their selves. For instance, respecting the time or punctuality is surely included in the personal ethics. It is important for each person to be punctual because it is conveys the personal ethics and increases the trusts of others. Academically, not being punctual will cause the student to miss information, failing classes and lose respect.The most significant effect of not being punctual is the student will miss classes, and that’s will cause the students to miss information. This information could range from pop quizzes to homeworks due dates. Furthermore, if the students permanently come late to the classes or misses it, they would not know about the homeworks due date or any information about it. Additionally, the students who are not punctual have a bigger chance of having lower grades on pop quizzes. Consequently , not respecting time will absolutely determine the total grade.Also, if the student has an assigned presentation to do and he/she are not punctual, he/she will fail to present what is assigned for them. Ultimately, the few minutes the students miss means more grades to lose. Secondly, the consequences of losing grades are apparently failing the classes. As a result, the student will have a lower GPA and will be dismissed from the university. The only thing that each student does not want to have is a low GPA, and that is why they study hard and put more effort on it.As a consequence, the A student is always punctual and will never miss any class. Because of having a lower GPA and not respecting punctuality, the student will be dismissed from the university. Surely no student wants to be dismissed from the university but punctuality is one of the unbreakable rules of the university. Accordingly, the student will face a hard time getting accepted from other universities, which most p robably will reject the admission request because of not respecting punctuality.One of the main effects of not being punctual, that the student will lose instructors, classmates and family respect. Firstly, the student who does not respect the class time and always comes late will lose the respect of the instructor. As a result, the instructors won’t be helpful to these students when it comes to the grades. Furthermore, the classmates will lose faith and trust on those who are not punctual. Because of their habits they can’t be trusted especially when it comes to studying and doing a group projects.Also, after being dismissed from the university and basically losing all the opportunities of having a good life, the family will not respect the unpunctual student and will treats them as a child. Because they spent so much money and time, and they are rewarded by being unpunctual. Finally, Punctuality is substantial and it must be respected from all the people. It is a mir ror for people’s ethics and countries culture. Personally, I would not go to the class rather than going late. Each student has to be punctual when it comes to class attendance, because it is one of the keys of academic success.

Knowledge Management at Tata Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Knowledge Management at Tata - Essay Example This paper highlights that KM is a vital aspect of organisational development, especially because of the large quantities of information generated in the modern organisational environment and the growing importance of information. Information is currently the most powerful asset in contemporary management. It must be managed and developed well for maximum benefits to be derived from it. Tata followed three recommended steps in any pioneering any knowledge management program. First, it sought out and brought together employees with specialisations in different practices but who had no experience in implementing knowledge management. This was the most important step in the process because the company had no KM history. It had never had a KM culture before, and a major shift was required to make the initiative a success. Consequently, it would have been pointless for the company to go attempt to implement KM processes (collection, organisation, development, sharing, and usage) without a solid foundation on which to base those activities. By adopting a bottom-up strategy to KM, Tata ensured that both effectiveness and sustainability were built into the blueprint. In the case study, it is stated that the company felt that its initiatives gravitated towards a cultural transformation instead of a project.

The groups that were affected by the BP Oil spill disaster in the Gulf Essay

The groups that were affected by the BP Oil spill disaster in the Gulf of Mexico - Essay Example To better understand the situation, a brief background of the how the catastrophe occurred is important. Deepwater Horizon was a 9 year old semi-submersible oil rig functioning in the waters of the Mississippi canyons, under lease of British Petroleum. At the time of the explosion, there were drilling going on for an exploratory well at depths of about 5000 feet. The well was almost funcationaly complete, whereas major cementing work was being carried out by one of the concerned parties/ contractor of BP, Halliburton (BBC, 2010). After completion of the well, it could be used as a subsea producer later. However, catastrophe struck on 20th April, 2010, methane gas shot up from the well 5000 feet under the ground and it shot up all the way up to the rig. The safety instruments did not react properly to this phenomena and the rig caught fire as methane exploded on the rig. All but eleven workers were saved through rescue efforts and lifeboats. This catastrophe didn’t end here; an oil leak was found where the oil rig stood 3 days ago. This sleek oil cover started endangering life. According to official estimates of August 2 and about 62000 barrels of oil per day has escaped the well into the water, endangering the environment and submarine life (Channel 4 News, 2010). Identification of key stakeholders: The oil spill happened at such a big magnitude that it affected a multitude of organizations, people far and wide, in multiple countries; it affected human as well as animal habitat. Therefore, the impact was far and wide, all the species directly as well as indirectly cannot be accounted for. The sub-groups can be classified as follows. With the oil spill came the disastrous damage that the Gulf of Mexico’s natural habitat had to face as the slick oil destroyed marine life. It suffocated the animal and plants and as the oil rose to the top, it created massive havoc in terms of dead fishery and plants and unimaginable loss to the scenic beauty of natur e in that area. Naturally, this oil spill has been a disaster; however, indirectly it has cost millions of people their livelihood. Fishermen in the area have been worst hit by this calamity where their basic income is now dead or the area in which they fished is now contaminated. Marine life has been completely destroyed in some places. Therefore, apart from the natural habitat which was ruined, it was the fisherman who was the stakeholders which were affected in this scenario. Environmental agencies claim that there will be constant efforts needed for decades to come to bring the habitat close to its original well being. The complete restoration is not even possible (Szabo, 2010). As the oil slick reached the shores engulfing the Gulf of Mexico, tourism was hit. Tourists ran away from the spots which were considered as summer favourites before the disaster. Even today, when there is no presence of oil or its impact on the beaches of Denver, there are almost no tourists when compar ed to earlier years. Tourists now have widespread fear that the oil has ruined the shoreline and it may affect them in some way. The oil spill has also cost the company; they have to pay millions

Jet Li as Transnational Actor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jet Li as Transnational Actor - Essay Example He has taken different career paths such as martial arts, film production, martial arts and acting. He started training for martial arts when he was still a young boy. He trained rigorously in Wu Bin and this helped him in winning a championship in the Wushu competition. This was the turning point of his life. He retired from Wushu when he was 19 years old. He now started acting in several Chinese martial arts film. Later he performed in other Hollywood movies the Expendables being on of the movies that hit the box office movies list. This article is review of Jet Li development in his career an actor, how his various roles in varied cultures have grown him and the overall public reception he has had. Jet Li Careers in Martial Art at Wushu Li was born the last born of a family of five children. When he was only two years, his father died leaving his mother with the huge responsibility of raising the children alone. Jet Li joined Wushu when he was very young. At the age of 8, his trai ners realized the talent that he possessed and he was enrolled for classes. He participated in the sports performed by the Wushu teams. This team would perform in the all Chinese games and this gave him the exposure he needed in martial arts. During this time, he was coached by Wu Bin and Li Junfeng. The coaches realized the talent in this young man and would even go an extra mile to ensure that he did not miss on practice and that he performed well. Jet Li came from a poor family background. The coaches would buy Jet Li family meat as this was the diet recommended for a fighter. A diet with meat as a predominant content was crucial to keep an athlete physically fit. As a member of the wushu team, He traveled to 45 different countries to perform. In 1974, he performed together with the Wushu team before the former president of America Richard Nixon. Nixon was deeply impressed by Jet Li prowess that he requested him to be his personal body guard. Jet Li turned this offer down because he said that he was not meant to protect an individual but hoped that when he grew up he would be able to protect a billion Chinese citizens. During this performance, he won the All Round National Wushu Championship a title he continued to hold for the next five consecutive years. When at Wushu, Jet Li trained on several Wushu martial skills. Among them include praying mantis fist, drunken fist, eagle claw fist, shape intent fist and northern long fist style (Ushan, 2011: 182). He retired from Wushu when he was just seventeen and this is the time he began his acting career. Acting Career Chinese Films Li releases his first film in 1982 and it was called the Shaolin Temple. This movie became a hit in china and opened him to Chinese film. He later relocated to Hongkong where he acted in several Chinese martial arts movies. He got his screen name in 1982 when a publicity company in Philippines though that his real name was hard to pronounce. They likened his new career with a jet whic h takes off very fast. The name jet Li was born and was placed on his movie poster. Soon, people started referring him with his new name which is stuck and he has used it ever since. In 1991, he acted in another Chinese film called the Once Upon a Time in China. Here, he assumed the role of a legendary hero who fought against invaders thereby safeguarding and protecting the lives and property of his countrymen (Leon, 2005: 216). Later he acted in the movie fist of Legend which was a

Problem Facing UK Copyright Law Arising in Digital Market Essay

Problem Facing UK Copyright Law Arising in Digital Market - Essay Example This paper will evaluate the Problems facing UK copyright law as a result of the digital market. Additionally, I will explain why I chose this topic. Moreover, the paper will cover my intended research methodology. Also, it will cover a review of the previous studies conducted on this topic. Many organizations and people come up with new innovations and inventions in addition to improving their current properties. This innovations, inventions and improvements have an economic value. As such, laws have been formulated to protect such intellectual properties and innovations against copying or illegal usage. These laws are founded on the concept or idea that if an individual, group or organisation has utilized his or her expertise, knowledge and resources to design and create a new item, no other person must benefit from that invention without the inventor’s authorization. In order to enforce compliance, there is need for legislation to deter illegal usage of another person’s property. Most governments enact copyright laws to guard and provide exclusive rights to creators of original work for a specified time. Often, it is referred to as the right to copy. However, it gives the copyright holder other additional rights. The development and creation of the computer network and digital media technologies have prompted the UK government to reinterpret the copy right laws. Patents, trade secrets and trademarks are applicable to expressible forms of information or ideas. Under the intellectual property law, owners are given exclusive rights to a multitude of intangible assets (Lemley, 2004). For example, literary, artistic works; inventions and discoveries, designs and symbols and musical works. Intellectual and copyright property rights encompass patents, trademarks, trade secrets and industrial design rights depending on the jurisdiction. Although most copyright laws in protecting property are territorial and confined to the area of their origin, a lot of

Week 1 discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 1 discussion questions - Essay Example The imperatives of organizations must involve a ready preparedness for changes. According to Marrow ‘the changes required by the welfare of the business become everybodys business and get made’ (Marrow, 1957, p. 66). The changing business strategies to cope with the fast transforming socio-economical paradigms of the times have become crucial factors because they enable the businesses to compete against their rivals. The main risk of adopting changes in the business processes is the resistance from the workforce. They become unsure about their own ability to successfully adapt the changes in their work practice. As a result of their irrational fear, they fight against any change to defend their position and job in the organization. A good managerial leadership within the organization facilitates better understanding, prediction and improvisation in work place, leading to improved performance. Conflicts can be solved through effective communication that encourages discussions and doubts clearing sessions and leaders must adapt such techniques to overcome resistance and create congenial atmosphere in the organization. Proper dissemination of information is essential to dispel any doubts about their ability to adapt successfully to the changes and the usefulness of the new resource, thereby facilitating a change that is positive. In my office environment of meat processing organization, introduction of new technology in the packaging section has become vital to meet the challenges of the new business competitiveness. The initial apprehension of the manager was overcome through his judicious and widely popular managerial expertise which facilitated the changeover with smoothness and without any bad feeling or insecurities among the employees. The manager had ensured that all the employees were taken into confidence regarding the growing

Finding a scripture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Finding a scripture - Assignment Example Nevertheless, the hindrance that wealth has on the walk with Jesus Christ is also confirmed. Salvation is also underscored as impossible for man, but only possible with God. In this pericope, it is clear that God has endowed people with different gifts at varying degrees, and in this regard, everyone is a steward. Rewards are accorded to those who have been faithful with their gifts or talents. From the foregoing, it is clear that money in itself is amoral: it is the love of it that inspires evil. As a corollary to this, money can be used by Christians to extend the Kingdom of God, specifically for the cause of the fulfillment of the Great Commission. God is the Originator of the state and state power and as such, Christians are obligated to observe the laws of the state. Duties which are relevant to the state and sanctioned by the state are concomitant with God’s will. Although God is the Originator of the state and state power (as previously seen in Romans 13:1-7), yet there are instances in which state actors and civil bodies may contravene God’s will, commands or word in their laws or decrees. In this case, the Christian owes his first and foremost allegiance to God. In these situations, God is still sovereign over man’s laws. As already mentioned, in instances in which the state and its actors may contravene God’s will, commands or word in their laws or decrees, the Christian owes his first and foremost allegiance to God. However adverse these situations may be, God is still sovereign over man’s laws. The state is also a creation of God and the Christian is to observe all his civic duties, for God is the author of all authority. However, a Christian’s first and utmost allegiance is to God. Doing the will of God should override that of the state, in the event that the state has made laws that are contrary to God’s will. Even in these situations, God is still sovereign and is not limited to human laws to interact

Project Management - Bubble Bee Case part 2 [sap4] Essay

Project Management - Bubble Bee Case part 2 [sap4] - Essay Example This permits removal or alteration of work assignments of the tasks affected. Leveling creates splits in the work that is remaining. This will ensure that over-allocated tasks are split before the instance of over-allocation. It restarts the remaining portion of the task at some point in time when resources are sufficient. 3. It is not easy to wholesomely resolve the over-allocation challenge, though the project end-date cannot be moved out. The reason is when using the "slack" meaning that the amount of time in which activities are delayed without the project end-date getting affected, cannot delay some tasks. Leveling only within existing slack† is an endeavor to reorganize the schedule through taking the benefit of the slack that is obtainable to resolving the problem without protracting the project. 4. Constrained resource means that the project has scarce resource though the time provided is agile. By leveling outside the slack, the over allocation challenges are settled. Nevertheless, the project duration which is 135 days, is significantly increased to 150 days. The new finish date will be 6/20/2012, instead of 5/23/2013. The managerial connotation results in the delay of the following projects employing similar resources. The critical path will be altered while project costs are increased. For instance, trial marketing will have to wait for the shelf life report to be produced. The project will delay due to the resource constraint while idle resources are costly. 6. I have learned that Gantt chart provides situations of tracking project progress as well as mapping the performance of schedule, cost and time. Leveling of resources has also allowed me to understand the implication of manipulating tasks falling within and outside the critical path. I now know that the project manager rearranges the logic of the network where critical activities are set in parallel as opposed to sequential arrangement. I have also learned that Gantt charts determine th e critical paths and aid the planners to estimate costs and guide the project to meet its obligations. Through leveling of resources, I have known use of MS project as a powerful tool to establish under or over allocation of tasks, resources and costs. The software is a quick win for project managers involved in handling large projects spanning more than two years. I am now confident in using PERT/CPM and Gantt charts to guide projects. 7. The project on bubble bee gum is optimal and can proceed without straining available resources Table 1: Gantt chart with the schedule table after leveling within slack Table 2: Gantt chart with the schedule table after leveling outside the slack References Project Management Institute. (2004). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge: PMBOK ® Guide, 3rd Edition. Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, Project Managemen

The Lives and Religions of Jesus and Muhammad Essay Example for Free

The Lives and Religions of Jesus and Muhammad Essay As the figureheads of two major world religions, the lives and teachings of Jesus and Muhammad are consistently examined and debated. The lives of these two men are strikingly different, and perhaps this is reflected in the different ways in which they are considered and worshipped. Jesus promoted peace and goodwill to all men, was destined for his role as a spiritual leader at the moment of conception, and is worshipped as a divine entity. In contrast, Muhammad was a powerful political and military leader as well as a religious one, and is not worshipped as a divine entity, but simply as a prophet, or messenger of God. The Life and Death of Jesus Christ Jesus is thought to have been born in Bethlehem, in or close to 4 BC (Bockmuehl, 13), and to have been raised in Nazareth by parents Mary and Joseph. Joseph was a carpenter by trade, as was Jesus himself. Jesus was a devout Jew (Bockmuehl, 15), but it is thought that his interpretation of the Torah was significantly different from what was generally accepted. The Gospels frequently describe incidents in which Jesus debated scripture and was critical of certain Jewish sects, most notably the Pharisees. In the absence of other historical sources, the Gospels are the main source of information about the life of Jesus. Little is known about the events that occurred between Jesus’ birth and his emergence as the leader of a religious movement. At an unknown point in his life, Jesus became a follower and friend of a prophet named John the Baptist (Bockmuehl, 22). After the arrest of John the Baptist, Jesus began preaching. He taught that the kingdom of God was imminent and that repentance of sins and acceptance of the Gospel was necessary to â€Å"acquire treasure in heaven† (Mark 10:21). It is thought that Jesus’ ministry lasted approximately three years. According to the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus traveled throughout Galileee, teaching in synagogues and open fields alike, healing the sick, and â€Å"proclaiming the gospel of the kingdom† (Matthew 4:23). Jesus used parables extensively, presumably because they made his messages of faith and forgiveness easier to understand. The events culminating in Jesus’ crucifixion occurred in Jerusalem (Bockmuehl, 36). According to the Gospels, he caused a disturbance in a temple by overturning tables belonging to moneychangers and preventing the passage of people who used the temple as a sort of shortcut through the city. Ultimately, he was executed because his teachings and actions made him a threat to the stability of established religion and power structures (Bockmuehl, 96). Jesus’ death is perhaps more important than his life, in terms of the impact it has had on the popularity and acceptance of his religious teachings. If Jesus had not died a martyr, Christianity would not exist as we know it today. Even more important than his manner of death, however, are the Gospel reports which state that three days after his death, his tomb was empty, and that he was subsequently seen alive by the disciples (Bockmuehl, 102). Regardless of whether or not Jesus was actually resurrected, belief in the resurrection is the defining principle of the Christian faith, and is the basis for the enormous impact of Christianity on the Western world. Jesus’ resurrection increases the significance of his death and validates the messages of his ministry (Bockmuehl, 101). The Life and Death of Muhammad Unlike Jesus, who, having been conceived immaculately was destined for greatness, Muhammad was a middle aged man before he received his calling (Cook, 14). Muhammad was born in or around 570 AD, and did not â€Å"receive his mission† (Cook, 14) for over forty years. This occurred on Mount Hira, near Mecca. It is said that as Muhammad lay asleep, the angel Gabriel came to him in a dream and revealed to him the first of a series of scriptures which eventually became the Koran. Muhammad subsequently spend ten to fifteen years in Mecca (Cook, 16), where he not only made many converts, but was also visited repeatedly by Gabriel, who introduced him to Abraham, Moses, and Jesus and allowed him to visit heaven. At this time, Paganism was the predominant religion in Mecca, and while Muhammad was mocked by some, he and his new religion were mostly tolerated. However, Muhammad began to criticize Pagan gods, and hostility was the eventual result, as city rules feared that the turbulence caused by religious division might limit trade between Mecca and other cities. A number of Muhammad’s followers fled to Ethiopia to escape persecution (Cook, 18). Muhammad himself eventually found protection in the form of tribesmen located in the northern city of Medina, who apparently saw Muhammad’s religion as a means of uniting their city, which was then fraught with internal political division (Cook, 19). Muhammad’s move to Medina took place in 622 AD, and is called the hijra. The year in which this occurred became known as the first year of the Muslim era. Once settled in Medina, Muhammad succeeding in uniting the warring Arab factions by enveloping both under the Muslim umbrella (Cook 21). With bloodshed between Muslims forbidden, the feud was effectively halted. With internal peace assured, Muhammad turned his attentions to external enemies, the chief of these being his home town, Mecca. He achieved a number of military successes, including the invasion and capture of Mecca (Cook, 22). His religious message spread as his conquests continued, and many Arab tribes submitted to his political and religious authority. Muhammad continued to receive visits from Gabriel, and many of the rituals which define Islam originated in this way (Cook, 23). Unlike Jesus, Muhammad died peacefully, of an unknown illness (Cook, 24), and was survived by nine wives as well as four daughters. Military operations continued in the name of Islam after his death. Muhammad had apparently planned to send an exploratory expedition to Palestine (Cook, 22), but died before this could be carried out. However, within a generation after his death, the Middle East had been conquered by the Muslims. Historical Worship of Jesus and Muhammad Jesus was an object of worship within a generation after his death (Bockmuehl, 220). Christ was invoked in prayer and hymn as early as the first century AD. However, it was not until the fourth century that Christianity was widely accepted (Bockmuehl, 223). At this point religious iconography began to appear in public displays, and purpose-built Christian churches were erected as the Christian faith became more organized and hierarchical. The importance of Christianity steadily increased until the end of the Middle Ages, at which point Christianity was the center of all aspects of life. Art, literature, music, and architecture were created to glorify Christ and depict Biblical events. Also at this time, religious art began to explore the human side of Jesus (Bockmuehl, 225), portraying his mental and physical anguish in realistic crucifixion scenes. It was not until the Italian Renaissance and Humanistic philosophy of the fifteenth century that secular art and literature began to appear. The self-exploration prompted by the Renaissance eventually gave rise to schisms within the previously unified Christian church. In the modern world, Jesus is increasingly viewed as just one of many prophets, including Moses, Muhammad, and Buddha (Bockmuehl, 237). Worship of Jesus in the twenty-first century is perhaps more personal than it once was, with less emphasis on organized religion and more emphasis on a personal relationship with Christ. This is perhaps necessary in a world which is increasingly secular, where there are many different religious denominations which identify as Christian, and where Christianity is no longer an entity which dominates every aspect of both public and private life. Unlike Jesus, who is worshipped as a divine entity, Muhammad is worshipped as a prophet or messenger of God, rather than a divine being (Cook, 83). Muhammad was not only a religious leader, but a political and military leader as well. The monotheistic faith that Muhammad created gave Islamic Arab nations the political stability that enabled them to become one of the world’s major civilizations (Cook, 86). Within two hundred years of Muhammad’s death, the Islamic religions had spread far beyond the borders of Arabian countries (Cook, 87). In the modern world, the faith is no longer spread via conquest of other countries, despite the efforts of extremist sects such as Al-Qaeda. As with Christianity, the basic tenets of Muslim faith remain unchanged, however the modern world has indeed influenced Muslim practices (Rippin, 127). Similar to the way in which the increasing separation of religion and state influenced Christianity, this division, together with the existence of the Muslim faith in countries which are not predominantly Muslim, has made the religion more of a personal choice and less of a political or national way of life. Just as with Christianity, numerous Muslim sects exist in the world. However, for devout Muslims, the rituals and practices of the faith remain virtually unchanged in comparison to what they were during ancient times. Conclusion The lives and deaths of Jesus and Mohammad have been just as influential in their respective religions as their teachings, if not more so. Both managed to unite innumerable people under one religion in different ways, which are reflected in their teachings and the events of their lives. Both were the figureheads of monotheistic religions, but had very different teachings. Jesus’ main message was the importance of love of both God and of fellow man, while Muhammad promoted unity within the Muslim community but used war as a means of spreading the Islamic faith to new lands. References Bockmuehl, Markus. (2001) The Cambridge companion to Jesus. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Cook, Michael. (1996) Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University. Rippin, Andrew. (1990) Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge.

Terrorism Definition Essay Example for Free

Terrorism Definition Essay â€Å"Terror or terrorism is one of the oldest disasters on the earth. It can be said that this system named terrorism is, for the centuries, here on this earth. But there have always been differences to define it. If you talk from the side of terrorists, you can hear different reasons of terrorism from every affected area of terrorism. If not going deep into, it can be understood, the affected victims of the society call it terrorism what the terrorists indulged in terrorism call it crusade, revenge or an offensive action to oppose. The worldwide terrorism has different reasons in different parts of the world. Somewhere the terrorism is to get freedom or somewhere to get sovereignty. At same place, these activities are being carried out to free the region from the opponents. At some places the basic reason of terrorism is poverty, starvation unemployment. But at international level, the media mostly talks of, that is so said the Islamic terrorism.† http://www.irfi.org/articles2/articles_2851_2900/American%20Target%20-%20Terrorism%20or%20Islam.HTM. â€Å"There were terrorist activities even before the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. But the form of terrorism was different from the form of terrorism prevalent now-a-days. Before 9/11, America was known as the spectator of so said Islamic terrorism or at some places it was known that it worked as a helper to organize it. But the event of 9/11 forced America to think that even America can fall victim to own pet snake. So on this day, American President Bush declared to start a worldwide war against terrorism. After the event of 9/11, America took a vow to uproot the tree of terrorism from the world. Most of the Muslim countries of the world strongly oppose the thought of strong religionist terrorism call it anti-Islamic. These Muslim countries openly favored America against terrorism after 9/11. Even the terrorists accused the rulers of these Muslim countries, who opposed terrorism, as anti-Islamic or Pro-American.

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 .1 Definition of Consumer Behaviour

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 .1 Definition of Consumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour can be defined as the study of individuals, groups or organisations and the processes they use to select, secure, use and dispose of products, services, experiences or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. (Hawkins, Best, and Coney, 2001, p7.) This definition contain a sequential process involving different activities that can be influence to the consumer in a number of ways. The study of Consumer Behaviour is the study of how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, and effort) on consumption-related items. It includes the study of what they buy, why they but it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, and how often they use it. It concludes elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology and economics. Consumer behaviour goal is to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics and behavioural variables in an attempt to understand peoples wants. Although this subject study on how and why consumers make decisions to buy goods and services, consumer behaviour research goes far beyond these facets of consumer behaviour and encompasses all of the behaviours that consumers display in searching for, purchasing using,evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they key expect will sa tisfy their needs. And other definitions is emphasise the mental, emotional, and physical processes and needs and wants, as well as the influence of perceived risk. (Arens, 1999, p129) The literature generally distinguishes between individual consumer buying and organisational purchasing processes. Wilson (2000) argues that the distinction is artificial and a generic behavioural model must be developed for both individual and organisational consumers with appropriate contextual adjustment. The field of consumer behaviour is enormous, and highlights the importance of the customer at the centre of the marketers universe. Every each consumers is unique with different needs and wants and buying choices and habits and choice that are in turn tempered by psychological and social drivers that affect purchase decision processes. (Brassington and Pettitt, 2000). The literature review concludes a high level overview about consumer behaviour. It contains consumer behaviour from an individual perspective and considers consumer behaviour in the context of a rational purchasing decision process. It is including a perspective on the ethical responsibility of marketers. Foxall (1993) notes that a purely behavioural approach, which relies on observed results as a means to infer the end result of human information processing should be supplemented by an evolutionary explanation. He suggests that evolution is a causal mechanism which accounts for selection or a decision by consequence. The experience of results of prior and similar behaviour (operant conditioning), environmental influences, and cultural changes should be considered in order to explain and predict changes in consumer behaviour. The argument is therefore, that the principle of selection by environmental consequence will enhance behaviourist thinking in a marketing context. When we analyzing about the consumer behaviour is perceived as cornerstone of a successful marketing strategy (Papers4you.com, 2006). Consumer behaviour is mental and emotional processes and the observable behaviour of consumers during searching purchasing and post consumption of a product and service (Batra Kazmi, 2004). Similarly Engel (et al, 1990) refers consumer behaviour is the action and decision process of people who wants to purchase goods and services for personal consumption. If these defining criteria are already observed, it is evident that we analyzing consumers decision making process is the foundation of entire notion of consumer behaviour. There are four different views related to consumer decision making process and behaviour (Schiffman Kanuk, 2004). The first views is economic view that consumers are primarily face competition and they are always expected to make rational decision on the basis of assumptions that they are aware of all product alternatives, they can rank benefits and limitation of each alternative and able to identify one of the best alternative. Second views is Passive View is absolutely opposite to economic view and this view suggest that consumers are irrational and impulsive as they are submissive to self-center interests of marketers and that consumers got influenced by the marketing tools. And the third views is Emotional View. This view related to perceive consumers decision making based on their emotional association or feeling about some products and services. Example, if a person loosing red colour pen neither go for rational decision by evaluating alternatives (economic view) or the perso n get influenced by marketers (passive view). Thus the person will try to purchase any ring closely resembled with his favourite. And the last views is Cognitive View where consumers are considered as thinking problem solver. which are receptive as well as actively searching for the products and services that can fill their need. Consumers behaviour under this view is based on information seeking and processing attributes usually directed by a goal. For example, buying a tooth paste from shop can have a certain goal of choosing product that can taste good (Papers4you.com, 2006). Â  Despite of critiques for each viewpoint, it can be considered a valid argument, that all four types of decision making behaviour exist and provide marketer guidelines to analyze consumer accordingly. After we anaylyze the data from each viewpoint, it can be considered a valid argument, that all four types of decision making behaviour are exist and provide marketer guidelines to analyze about consumer habits. Based on the general perception about most acknowledged and common cognitive view, Batra Kazmi (2004) asserts broader stages of a consumers decision making process that includes identification of problem (feeling need of a new car), information search (on internet and showrooms), alternatives evaluation (comparing brands, for example like on basis of repute and features), outlet selection and purchase (purchasing selected item) and post-purchase action (satisfaction or dissonance).

Native American Voices Know the Definition of Native American Essay ex

Many school children celebrate a clichà © Thanksgiving tradition in class where they play Indians and Pilgrims, and some children engage in the play of Cowboys vs. Indians. It is known that some died when colonization occurred, that some fought the United States government, and that they can be boiled down to just another school mascot. This is what many people understand of the original inhabitants of America. Historical knowledge of these people has been shallow and stereotyped. The past 150 years has given birth to a literate people now able to record their past, present, and future. Native American literature, as it evolves, defines the Native American culture and its status in the world, as an evolving people, more so than any historical account can. Before colonization, the Native Americans used oral traditions to teach, remember, entertain, and pray. Much of this knowledge was lost because of various reasons. After translation became an option some of these were written down. This is the beginning of Native American literature, the becoming of sound into word. A major pattern of distrust for the white man’s words are evident in this beginning of their literature. Cochise, an Apache leader, made a speech in 1872, loosely entitled [I am Alone] that addressed Americans. This was translated by a white man. It is not known how accurate it is, however, it conveys a strong message. Cochise is a proud man, who is always truthful. â€Å"I hereby pledge my word, a word that has never been broken† (1463). He has his doubts about the truthfulness of the Whites whom he watched come in small numbers and had welcomed in friendship. Cochise was confused to their behavior, â€Å"At last your soldiers did me a very great wrong†(1463). When they ... ...can literature you find the accounts of things such as the slaughtering of buffalo and leaving them to rot on the ground, and the United States government forbidding Indians to practice their religious rites and beliefs (Momaday 2507). The history books do not tell these things. History is written by those who write, and often enough by the ones that find themselves in power by gift or coercion. History has dealt the indigenous cultures of America a hard blow. The culture-shock faced by these people, who have dwindled down in number from the vast and populous tribes, is one that is still being felt today. Fortunately more and more Native American literature is being written and discovered. From these accounts, verse, and prose and insight can be gained into these proud people who are living in another man's world, once theirs, and have paid to do so ever since.

Galileo Church v. Hero Essay -- Religion Philosophy Essays

Galileo Church v. Hero It is a volatile point in history: the intersection of science and religion at the height of the Inquisition; it is a time when the Church reigns and a man, a physicist, must choose life or death, himself or science. Galileo Galilei's legendary dilemma and the circumstances surrounding it are presented in Bertolt Brecht's Galileo from a perspective that is clearly criticizing institutions with such controlà ³in this case, the Catholic churchà ³while reminding us that men are simply men, no matter how heroic their actions appear. These issues are expounded throughout the play; however, Scene 11 has the most significant role in Galileo's development, as it simultaneously reveals the extent of the Church's control and humanizes Galileo in just a few lines. Despite his courage to venture into unexplored realms of science and thought, Galileo is not a hero. He is only a man. Scene 11 is the shortest scene in the play and one of only three scenes in which the title character does not appear. Yet it is here that Galileo is made completely human. In the quest for a hero, one might ignore his almost hedonistic desire for food, thought, and fine wine and the sacrifices that he makes to acquire money. These characteristics of Galileo are revealed early in the play, when he plagiarizes another man's telescope invention in order to get a salary raise from the city (Scenes 1 and 2), and then again in Scene 11 when the Pope says, "He has more enjoyment in him than any other man I ever saw. He loves eating and drinking and thinking. To excess. He indulges in thinking bouts! He cannot say no to an old wine or a new thought" ( Brecht 109). However, one cannot ignore a hero's cowardice in the face of physical pain. I... ... Nobody has planned a part for us beyond this wretched one on a worthless star. There is no meaning in our misery'" (Brecht 84). The people rely on the Church to lead them to a better life in heaven; their faith is all that they know. It is the Pope's duty to preserve the unity that comes from shared faith, and because he is controlled by that which he governs, he cannot refuse to punish Galileo for fear of social collapse. Brecht cleverly uses Scene 11 to plant seeds of thought in the minds of his audience members. Through the controversy of Galileo's life and the circumstances surrounding his session with the Inquisition, Galileo explores both the dangers of institutional control and the folly of elevating men to a heroic status. One will only be disappointed when both prove fallible. Bibliography Brecht, Bertolt. Galileo. New York: Grove Press, 1966.

Use of the Gas Chamber in Capital Punishment Essays -- Death Penalty

Execution as a form of criminal punishment has been used throughout various parts of the world since the Middle Ages. In fact, back in that time, even petty offenses such as committing adultery or stealing from a food vendor were considered criminal enough to be worthy of death. During the 18th century, death by execution became subject to public display, and was even thought by some to be a form of entertainment. This â€Å"entertainment† took shape via methods such as burning at the stake, breaking on the wheel, and slow strangulation. However, due to a growing humanitarian movement in the late 1800’s, these torturous methods became extinct. Rather, more â€Å"humane† forms of execution were implemented, such as by guillotine, hanging, or the headman’s axe. The pain inflicted by these was far less than the first three methods, as death was nearly instantaneous. However, technology’s influence on execution methods truly became apparent with the invention of the gas chamber in 1924. Gee Jon, a convicted felon in the State of Nevada, is known as the first person to have died by the ... Use of the Gas Chamber in Capital Punishment Essays -- Death Penalty Execution as a form of criminal punishment has been used throughout various parts of the world since the Middle Ages. In fact, back in that time, even petty offenses such as committing adultery or stealing from a food vendor were considered criminal enough to be worthy of death. During the 18th century, death by execution became subject to public display, and was even thought by some to be a form of entertainment. This â€Å"entertainment† took shape via methods such as burning at the stake, breaking on the wheel, and slow strangulation. However, due to a growing humanitarian movement in the late 1800’s, these torturous methods became extinct. Rather, more â€Å"humane† forms of execution were implemented, such as by guillotine, hanging, or the headman’s axe. The pain inflicted by these was far less than the first three methods, as death was nearly instantaneous. However, technology’s influence on execution methods truly became apparent with the invention of the gas chamber in 1924. Gee Jon, a convicted felon in the State of Nevada, is known as the first person to have died by the ...

Human Resource control Essay

I want to first start off by saying thank you for the opportunity to handle such an important and sensitive matter such as the internal control for the LJB Company. First and foremost I want you to be aware of the requirements of your company if you do decide to go public. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) which was passed by congress requires all publicly traded U.S corporations to maintain an adequate system of internal control. Corporate executives and boards of directors like yourself must ensure that these controls are reliable and effective. In addition, independent outside auditors must attest to the adequacy of the internal control system. Companies that fail to comply are subject to fines, and company officers can be imprisoned. LJB Company is currently doing some things well that I suggest they continue. The use of pre-numbered invoices allows for missing or undocumented invoices to be caught quickly. This practice is considered a documentation procedure under internal controls. Having two managers approve new hires helps ensure a good fit. It’s good that the accountant completes bank reconciliation. While using a bank is a form of control for cash, the reconciliation enables LJB to make sure there are no errors between what the bank and what they have on the books. There are a number of practices by LJB that don’t deter fraud and would need to be changed before considering going public. Segregation of duties: The duties for handling assets need to be separated amongst multiple employees. Employees that handle cash should not be involved in the bank reconciliation or invoices. Employees responsible for purchasing should not have any payment or reconciliation duties. By segregating duties, there is more than one person involved in the sales and purchasing cycle so that one person cannot be behind a fake transaction or remove cash or purchased assets without it being noticed by another. Access to assets: All employees should not have access to petty cash. The cash should be locked and those with a key should ensure proper documentation for cash distributed to be sure it is authorized. The person responsible for reconciling the petty cash should do so randomly to deter its abuse. As far the indelible ink machine I see no problem printing your own checks as long as you use pre-numbered check stock paper to write the checks. Otherwise you will not know that you have accounted for every check written. Also, this is an area of responsibility that should be segregated. The person responsible for printing the checks should not have the authority to sign them. This will help insure they are not writing checks to themselves. LJB should consider purchasing the indelible ink printer once they have the manpower to have the duties segregated. By using indelible ink, the checks printed will be harder to change once printed, which is a good physical control of cash. Paycheck Lock-Up: Although the accountant is locking the employee’s paychecks over the weekend, he should actually be locking them at all times. Anytime the accountant steps away from their desk and these checks are not locked, sensitive employee information is vulnerable. Background checks: I recommend that LJB implement the Human Resource control of conducting background checks of all employees before officially hiring. This way they will discover if the potential employee has a past that could negatively impact the company (fraud, theft, other criminal activity) Passwords: Passwords are a key control preventing employees from accessing data outside of their duties and changing transaction data from initial amounts to cover up errors, fraud or theft. Everyone should have an individual password and not reveal it to another. Changing passwords periodically is a best practice. I hope that LJB finds this report helpful and that it prepares them for potentially going public.

The School to Works Program in America

In writing her article â€Å"An Avenue to High Academic Standards,† Lynn Olson confronts the tempestuous side of the education system: a recently added component of the curriculum. Olson claims that this new argument would further enhance the quality and practicality of the educational system. The school to works program was introduced in state and federal law in 1994 but its validity and utility is still being disputed over by various concerned parties. Being the senior editor of the national newspaper â€Å"Education Week,† Olson would seem to be well qualified to provide her readers with a persuasive and realistic analysis to an issue that is being widely debated. Olson†s article gives one the impression that this scheme would be a highly beneficial one to our high school students. However, though Olson†s article deals with most of the issues relevant to this scheme, a few areas have not been covered by her. On the whole, it would seem that this scheme should be brought into vogue as soon as possible as suggested by her. Olson has written a very sound article in which she persuades her reader through the means of sound logic well substantiated with real life examples to further strengthen her claims. She makes use of a simple and well-organized diction to enable her wide readership to understand the article. Also Olson†s sources seem to be well founded and used in a logical manner. Olson has written a convincing article because she substantiates her claims with real life examples of different school to work programs. She embarks on this path by giving the examples of a young high school student and that student†s positive and enriching experience with the school to work program. In this particular case, Olson writes that the school to work program helps this rudderless student to find her vocation in life and thus make a valuable contribution to society. She further adds that this student†s experience is not an isolated one and that numerous students have benefited from this program Olson also writes â€Å"Studies suggest that school-to-work programs can help address one of the greatest problems in education: motivation†. However, she writes that this program solves this problem and she substantiates this by giving the example of the 1994 evaluation of Pro-Tech, a Boston school- to work program. In this evaluation it was found that students who participated in these programs decided to take more rigorous math and physics courses than their peers. Thus, she proves that this scheme gives the students a clear indication about the direct link that exists between a good quality education and a good job. Therefore, these examples in her article enable her to provide her readers with a logical and realistic argument that seems to make sense. However, by providing real life examples to prove her point, Olson is justified in writing that the school to work program provides a self-explanatory answer to the question â€Å"Why do I have to learn this? † Olson further strengthens her case by elaborating some valid reasons that make this program a beneficial one to the students. Olson writes that the school-to-work program â€Å"engage students in active, hands-on-learning rather than teaching solely from textbooks†. She states that the primary aim of this program is to inculcate theoretical knowledge with practical knowledge, thus enabling the student to practice the theory learned in school in daily life. However, Olson does admit that there is still a slight confusion on whether this scheme actually encourages students to pursue higher degrees after they have graduated from high school. She counterbalances this by stating that it does help students who intend to go to college on deciding which major they would want to pursue in college. Furthermore, she also writes that these schemes provide students with the added incentive of acquiring extra credit hours. Olson also pads her argument by stating that this program provides society with an educated and skilled workforce urgently required by firms. The argument put forth by Phyllis Schlafly, in her article â€Å"School to Work will train, not Educate†, that these programs are the cause of economic requirements of society and are not due to educational upliftment is oversimplistic and lacks in logical coherency. Schlafly may have some substance in her theme that these programs would â€Å"cause a person or animal to be efficient in the performance of tasks by responding to discipline, instruction and repeated practice†. However, her entire article uses negative emotion to pursuade her readers to follow her line of thinking. Furthermore, her argument that this program will deprive a child of a sound education is countermanded by Olson†s claim that this program will motivate students to get a better education. Also George Willett†s statement in his e-mail message that â€Å"greater learning occurred where the practical was aligned with the academic†. However, one of the legitimate shortcomings of Olson†s article is that it does not provide her readers with all the information relevant to this topic. Her article has used only the positive sources that strengthen her case but overlooks all negative aspects that could have been assessed and resolved by her. Thus, as pointed out by Schlafly, one of the realistic drawbacks of the scheme is that it may be made a compulsory program with the students having no choice in the matter. In that case, the system would lose all the advantages of encouraging students to learn and would just evolve into modern child slavery, where the student may be forced to work whether or not he or she may want to. Also, she has not looked into the fact that the students would not be able choose their own programs. It would be allotted to them based on their grades and other factors by an appointed body called â€Å"The Workforce Development Board†, which is a very disturbing thought, placing the very ideals of a democracy at risk. This is one of the realistic fears put forth in Schlafly†s article. Also, as pointed out by Brian Faranell in his e-mail message that â€Å"asking a freshman in high school to declare his major is way to early†. This too is a legitimate fear that Schlafly has not confronted in her article. Therefore, it is recommended that the school to work program be an optional program wherein the only requirement is motivated students. Thus, no student should be forced to enroll in this program, as this would be counterproductive to the child†s welfare and make the very reason for its creation obsolete. Also, there should be sufficient choice in the different types of school to work programs, so as to enable students to choose among the various programs, so that they might be able to choose something that corresponds to their courses and which will help them in the future. Presently, there are certain countries that have already inculcated this scheme to their education system. Thus, it would be judicious to study their system for a period of time before going head long into one of our own. This would help in looking at all the shortcomings in their system and avoid them in our own. However, we must keep in mind that our basic society and education system may be different and that what works in those countries may not necessarily work in ours. It may also be a good idea to schedule a convention of teachers and professors and other educators to use their ideas. It should be always remembered that they are an integral part of the system, and the government should always take their opinion into account before enacting any bill. Thus, if all these shortfalls are removed the school to work program seems to be a viable addition to our educative system. Olson has covered none of these areas, in her article, which leads one to believe that she may not have researched the topic well enough or else she may not want to provide any negative aspects to her argument. Though her not confronting these issues may show that these are really serious problems that have no real short term solutions. Hence, her argument might have actually been strengthened if she had confronted these areas and tried to provide some sort of solution to them. However, on the whole her article seems to be well written. She has based her ideas on sound logic, which enables her to provide a coherent and well-organized thesis. She has well developed and organized her use of sources and has analyzed them well. Therefore, it would seem that her article would merit a good reception from the public. Therefore, it would seem that Olson succeeds in her purpose of providing a strong argument for the implementation of this program. However, as said earlier it would have been stronger if it had been comprehensive: tackling the harder issues as well.

Debut novel by Benjamin Franklin Essay

Hawk, a debut novel by William Wallis (a poet) was published by `The Publisher` last 2006 with a 158 pages. Its genre is Fiction or Autobiographical. Hawk is the first novel written by the author that has won the 2006 Benjamin Franklin Award in Fiction that is given annually by Publisher’s Marketing Association (an organization composed of around 4,000 independent publishers. It appeared last August 14, 2006 issue of â€Å"Publishers Weekly†, in the Benjamin Franklin Award segment of PMA`s advertisement. He has a plan to publish three more stories that has a relation with his first novel. BODY The novel narrates about a story of family and survival while combining Southern traditional literary and contemporary expression. Maintaining the image of a poet and at the same time as a novelist, Wallis was able to recount a perception of life on earth by a seven-year-olds’ eye–Will Falke, the leading character of his novel. Perplexing introductory events made the story more appealing to the readers. Chronicles of conventional childhood experiences of Will Falke is one of the focuses of the novel. His pains and disappointments on the stage of his growth through which is spent mostly in Monticello, Arkansas, during the early 1950`s molded him to become a Adika, pg 2 tough person. Having suffered and survived tough problems has not necessarily pushed Will to prefer to be in a place other than his hometown. The state where the central character lives is enclosed by a half-dozen other neighboring southern states, in which we can relate on how the characters in this story are interlinked. William Wallis, as a Southern writer keenly described one of the major preoccupancy of Southern America which is survival, both enduring and prevailing. Will Falke, born in the year of the fifties have experienced the both negative and positive side of his existence in this world. He lost his eye; he has endured the vicious pain of punishments from his cruel and brutal father; he has to stay sturdy in spite of the mocking and humiliations of his schoolmates, and a mother who is so weak to continuously strive to live in order to protect him and his family. These are the examples of him being cursed. On the contrary, there are also things aside from troubles that can still be a reason for Will to hold on and can be considered as a blessing. Significant characters like Alma, a nurse with a good heart that taught him to read; Ruth, Will’s frail mother where he got his passion for classical music and singing and he also learned the lyrics of classical music from a Jew pal; Tyree, his gentle neighbor that skilled him to play chess and gave him the gift of friendship; and even simple things like a family farm that taught him to learn the ways of nature just like how his indignant father trained him to be resilient; he is cared and very much loved by women, and lastly, he has eventually learned liberty and freedom like a â€Å"Hawk. † Adika, pg 3 On my point of view, this novel is so heartily written by the author that has the capacity to move the hearts of the reader through the varying well-hanging events and experiences as well as emotions that we could easily relate with. Every experience of Will, every struggle regarding his parents, sisters, and the other people that were dear to him has rendered complex scenario of bravery and the true value of a family. He has not only portrayed the classic or typical outlook of love of a family member but exhibited with honesty and mixture of artistry the true meaning of selfless and ‘Christ-like’ love—full of bravery and hope.

Enron Corporation and Anderson case study Essay

Analyzing the fall of two Giants This case results in the publishing of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and relevant to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Also, it is related to SAS 103: Auditing, Quality Control, and Independence Standards and Rules. [1] What were the business risk Enron faced, and how did those risks increase the likelihood if material misstatements in Enron’s financial statements? The business risks Enron faced are as following: †¢Using complex business model †¢extensive using special purpose entities †¢using untraditional ventures to expand business rapidly †¢limitations in GAAP The complex business model used in Enron lead overstate its revenue while not disclose the exact value of debt. Numbers of special purpose entities are used to keep debt off the books. The untraditional ventures incense the business expansion rapidly and risky. Also, the limitation of GAAP makes it possible that management took advantages of complex standards to hide the actual economic substance. All of these above increase the likelihood of material misstatements in Enron’s financial statements. [2] (a) What are the responsibilities of a company’s board of directors? (b) Could the board of directors at Enron—especially the audit committee—have prevented the fall of Enron? (c) Should they have known about the risks and apparent lack of independence with Enron’s SPEs? What should they have done about it? The responsibilities of a company’s board of directors include: †¢Protect the shareholders’ assets and provide a return on investment †¢Make important decisions that affect shareholders (dividends) †¢Decide on which executives to hire / fire The fall of Enron could have been prevented by the board of directors. The board should responsible for the company’s financial reports. However, they are failed to disclose the off books liabilities to the public, which led  the Enron fall. What is more, the board and the audit committee do not question any of the high risk transactions. They should have known about the risks and apparent lack of independence with Enron’s SPEs. They should recognize that the high risk transactions with SPE will have huge effects on Enron. Meanwhile, they should ask SPE to disclosure financials properly. [4] What are the auditor independence issues surrounding the provision of external auditing services, internal auditing services, and management consulting services for the same client? Develop arguments for why auditors should be allowed to perform these services for the same client. Develop separate arguments for why auditors should not be allowed to perform non-audit services for their audit clients. What is your view, and why? Auditors should not be allowed to perform non-audit services for their audit clients, because auditors need to be independence. If an auditor provide management consulting services for his audit client, he is just audit what he have done, which ,I think, is meaningless. On the contrary, some people may agree that auditors should be allowed to perform their services for the same client. First, choosing one firm to do all of these services can save a great deal of money. Second, the auditors will much more familiar with the client’s business and its industry, which make their work efficient. [6] Enron and Andersen suffered severe consequences because of their perceived lack of integrity and damaged reputations. In fact, some people believe the fall of Enron occurred because of a form of â€Å"run on the bank†. Some argue that Andersen experienced a similar â€Å"run on the bank† as many top clients quickly dropped the firm in the wake of Enron’s collapse. Is the â€Å"run on the bank† analogy valid for both firms? Why or why not? Yes, I think the â€Å"run on the bank† analogy valid for both firms. The fraud of Enron’s financials leads a collapse of investor, customer, and trading partner confidence. Its stocks experience a sharp slump. Meanwhile, Standard & Poor’s re-classify Enron’s stocks as junk bonds, making almost every stockholder feel unsafe. The price drops to $0.26 per share in couple of days. Even worse, debts holders begin to call the loans because of the diminished stock price, which lead the collapse of Enron directly. Andersen experiences a similar situation. The damaged reputation of Andersen results  in losing many top clients and partnerships oversea. [9] What has been done, and what more do you believe should be done to restore the public trust in the auditing profession and in the nation’s financial reporting system? The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is a good way to restore the public trust in the auditing profession and financial report. The Act required top management to certify the accuracy of financial information individually, and increase the independence of outside auditors. As the most severe act in history ever, I believe SOX can help to restore the public trust.

Comparison of Past and Present Students Essay

I. Introduction People often remark how different the students of today are to those in the past. Each generation claim that those who come after them are getting worse, while those who came before them are much better than they were when they were students. Are students really all that different â€Å"Now† than they were â€Å"Before†? It’s been said that with every batch, with every generation, students are slowly degrading, that you could count with your fingers, those student who truly excel nowadays. It is a very common proclamation that young people now are disrespectful, unmotivated and without problem solving ability. Most people say that â€Å"compared to when we were in high school† the students are very different, incompetent. This is a common perception today, from non teachers and teachers alike, but is this true? II. Context Of course, each generation is different; technology and culture change forces us to think and act differently, use different tools. The increase in population and politics also contribute to the differences between the students of the past and present. Advanced technology, computer and other gadgets like cell phones and scientific calculator enabled the students do their task quicker and easier, tools that help them to be more efficient. In the past students had to handwrite or use a typewriter for their reports, one mistake and you’ll have to repeat it. Now with computer, to matter how many mistake you make with your grammar and spelling the computer will detect your errors so you can make corrections before printing. With computers, you can edit reports or write additional data without doing it over again. Solving mathematical problem became easier too, with the use of calculators. Students in the past have to manually calculate before arriving with the answer, now with just pushing a few buttons, you’ll get the answer. One can find and download anything that is needed in the internet, without sifting through pages and volumes of books in the library. The printed books are almost phase-out as students now prefer ebooks they can read using their cell phones and tablets. There are various mode of transportation, to take students from one place to another faster. Even the method of teaching had change with technology; PowerPoint presentations are often used, and there are even subjects where students learn about information technology and computers. As a result students of the present tend to be lazy and arrogant, and most of the time the equipments technology brings are taken for granted, and are used for fun and games. Then, they have to go without these gadgets, so students then needed to be precise, not make errors. They learned to concentrate, to go slow but sure not to make mistakes. They are more organized and had more focus on whatever task they are doing. Our culture is constantly changing as we continue to grow, being influence by other culture and with the advancement of technology. We are becoming more materialistic, values and social norms changed brought by the influence we see on televisions or by surfing the internet. Because of these changes it is only natural to observe a difference on the behavior and attitudes of today’s students from students of yesteryears. In the past students are more respectful, industrious, punctual and obedient. Girls are demure and boys gallant; public display of affection is not allowed; teachers are more strict and can use corporal punishment on those who misbehave. The presentation of oneself is very important, having a suitable hairstyle and wearing the proper uniform or appropriate attire is rigidly observed. Today’s student think that they are superior to their teachers as they think they can learn everything they need to know from the internet; they are lacking in their attention span and tend to be irresponsible; having a weird hairstyle and adding unnecessary accessories to their uniform is perceived as being cool. Now it is almost a requirement to have the latest gadgets, fashionable clothes and a boyfriend/girlfriend to be accepted in a clique, to belong. The increase in population and politics also play a part in making a difference between the students today from students who came before them. Then, there are a lot less students and the teacher can pay closer attention to each of them. But with the increase of population more schools are being established especially for those places like in the rural area where the school is so far away a student has to travel several miles just to go to school. When the people in the administration of organization like DepEd and Ched, changes are bound to happen. In the past decade the curriculum is changed several times when the people in the administration changed, teachers and students alike adjust had to a new curriculum before they were used to the previous one. Politicians are also known for passing provisions that could affect the education system of our country; K to 12 is an example. III. Summary Students of the present largely differ from students in the past, from the way they think, act and with the tools that they use. Their motivation, organization and efficiency have also changed. Technology, culture change, increase in population and politics all contribute in making these differences. Technology provides the new tools and gadget that students enjoy today. When culture changes the social norms and values also change, in turn there would be an alteration in the behavior and attitudes of the students, our youth. The increase in population and politics create circumstances such as different education system and curriculum, where teachers and students alike have no choice but to make adjustments. IV. Conclusion Change is inevitable with the passage of time, changes that are caused by different things. Students and teacher alike have to adapt to these changes, it can make a task more efficient, it can make learning more exciting or it can become a distraction. The change affects the motivation and attitude of the students. It must be considered before a comparison is made that every batch, every generation have their own way, leave their own marks, it would be unfair to say that students today are becoming worse for they are only responding to the situations created by these changes.

Informal Learning in the workplace is a more significant, effective Essay

Informal Learning in the workplace is a more significant, effective and superior form of learning to formal classroom-based learning. Critically discuss this statement - Essay Example Moreover, organizations tend to engage in a variety of activities thereby requiring extra skills among the human resources. Some of the skills may be acquired in the workplace other than incurring additional costs for formal training. For example, problem solving and effective communication are skills that can be acquired in the workplace through informal learning. This paper presents a critique of the statement that informal learning in the workplace is a more significant, effective and superior form of learning to formal classroom-based learning. It focuses the underlying principles of this kind of learning in organizations in relation to the likelihood of accomplishing productivity and competitiveness. It highlights the strengths that give it an upper hand over formal learning in classrooms and the benefits that organizations derive from the adoption of informal learning in the workplace. Nevertheless, there are a few negative aspects of this type of workplace learning. These features that make some organizations to prefer the formal classroom based learning have been discussed. Informal learning is an arrangement whereby skills are acquired without any programmed curriculum. The learner pursues knowledge without a prearranged procedure and can virtually acquire information from any source. The employees in the workplace acquire new knowledge through interacting with others, handling equipment and brainstorming with team mates in establishing solutions to emerging problems in the workplace. As Cross (2007) observes, knowledge acquired when a person knows what he/she desires to accomplish a particular goal leads to efficiency than the skills acquired through a set of courses that are mandatory for learners to undertake for them to be qualified. Most of the skills acquired through informal learning are through unexpected encounters in the workplace. The employers do not control what is to be learnt. Work

The Scope and Domain of NASCARs Branding Strategy Case Study - 121

The Scope and Domain of NASCARs Branding Strategy - Case Study Example However, every track had to negotiate its contract with television; implying that each race anchored on a different network. This was a hindrance for NASCAR. Thus, the company established its domain by signing contracts with television channels expanding broadcasting to about 167 countries (Aurand, 431). NASCAR also reached out to other companies by establishing co-branding relationships with them to gain competitive advantage. It also established scholarships from a great deal number of companies. The company was able to leverage its sponsors by ensuring that the outcome of sponsorship benefits both the company and the sponsors (Aurand, 431-432). For instance, drivers were expected to race incredibly, be available for marketing functions and be answerable to sponsors. Its profitability in sponsorship investment attracts more sponsors, however at the expense of expertise co-branding. In fact from the 2005 report, fans seemed to appreciate the company’s relationship with corporate sponsorship which earns NASCAR more credit and hence more customers. NASCAR extends its domain by involving fans in the sport, thus fans feel the close connection with drivers enhancing the brand image of the sport. In conclusion, NASCAR needs to comprehend sustainable development for the safety of all. Its impact on the environment is grim and is likely to jeopardize both the company and the future environment.

The relation between Estate Taxation and Equitable Crowth Research Proposal

The relation between Estate Taxation and Equitable Crowth - Research Proposal Example The changing structure of the federal estate tax has significant impact on the state estate tax revenue as well as the economic growth within the United States of America. The reverting of the federal estate tax to the pre-2001 structure is likely to have serious impacts on the economic growth of the United States of America. Estate tax within USA is understood on the basis of administrative simplicity and compliance costs, revenue sufficiency, economic efficiency, and equity. These elements are the epicenters in analyzing the impact of estate tax on economic growth within the USA. Estate tax has significant impact on the economy based on savings and capital investments. The higher the estate tax, the less the savings and capital investments thus affecting economic growth. Lower estate tax rates encourage more investments whilst reducing the revenue that the federal or state government obtains from the estate taxation, thus leading to significant impacts on economic growth within the USA. Nonetheless, in order to understand the impact of estate tax rates on economic growth, there is a need for extensive and detailed research. In order to carry out a more detailed and in-depth research, the following provides background and hypothesis to be used as well as the literature review. Literature review is used in this paper to provide deeper understanding, validity, and reliability of the research. In addition, the research contains methodology that provides an overview of the procedure employed in ensuring that adequate research is conducted, enough data is collected, and an efficient and effective data analysis. The research analyzed the data using STATA statistical tool. The finding and data analysis section provide a deeper and in-depth understanding of the topic based on the collected data. The paper winds up with discussions, conclusions, and recommendations. Background and Hypothesis As Americans decide between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney in this fall’s presidential election they choose between two men with divergent ideas about estate taxation. Right now, estate taxation policy puts a 35 percent tax rate after a $5 million exemption, a rate it has been at since 2010. It was that year that a loophole in the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (the â€Å"Bush tax cuts† in political parlance) caused the complete elimination of the estate tax. In the preceding decade, there was a 45 percent tax rate with a $3.5 million exemption. President Obama and his Democratic allies in Congress support reverting current rates to 2009 levels. Mr. Romney, the Republican challenger, favors completely eliminating the estate tax. If no action is taken before the end of this year, a policy even more draconian than Mr. Obama’s will kick in. Under the â€Å"default† plan, the rate would be 55 percent and the exemption $1 million. Figure 1 Estate tax 1997-2013 (projected) Year Estate Tax Exemption Top Estate Tax Rate 1997 $600,000 55% 1998 $625,000 55% 1999 $650,000 55% 2000 $675,000 55% 2001 $675,000 55% 2002 $1,000,000 50% 2003 $1,000,000 49% 2004 $1,500,000 48% 2005 $1,500,000 47% 2006 $2,000,000 46% 2007 $2,000,000 45% 2008 $2,000,000 45% 2009 $3,500,000 45% 2010 $0 0% 2011 $5,000,000 35% 2012 $5,000,000 35% 2013 $1,000,000 55% This author hypothesizes that estate taxation rates –

The 9th grade girls at Apopka High School are not comfortable with Research Proposal

The 9th grade girls at Apopka High School are not comfortable with their changing bodies. They feel unattractive and insecure an - Research Proposal Example Most importantly, some studies have shown that girls’ tend to develop positive character, including improved self-esteem and confidence, as a result of participating in sports (Scottish Executive, 2003; Strong et al., 2005). Brief overview of the plan The study will start with identification of the problem, then a review of the literature. Thereafter, a field study will be conducted in 10 schools, specifically involving 100 Fifth-Grade female Students. The researcher will ask both open-ended and closed-ended questions, which will help identify different factors that are associated with girl’s participation and lack of participation in sports. As such, the data that will be collected will be both qualitative and quantitative. The analysis of the quantitative data will rely on SPSS for analysis, with regression analysis and descriptive statistics being performed. Nvivo software will be used to categorize qualitative data, especially by identifying common themes. The resea rcher will use purposive sampling to identify the 10 schools and simple sampling in choosing the students that will participate. A purposeful sampling (also called judgmental sampling) is based on the fact the researcher is capable of selecting the schools that are effectively suited to meet the purpose of the study (Ritchie, Lewis, & Elam, 2003). The sample, though seemingly small, is a reasonable for the research purpose because most of the girls in different schools have many commonalities and hence no need to choose a very large sample. The program evaluation will take them form of check list filling, whereby the success of different goals will be identified. The achievement of the goals will be gauged by a rank art scale, which will be assigned 1-5 points for the purpose of quantification. Validity is important in assessing the accuracy and credibility of the data used in this study, which is also critical in ensuring that the results of a research are not biased. In other word s, validity will ensure that the study’s assessment and measurement process achieves the intended goal, or rather what is intended to be measured. To improve validity in this study, the researcher will uphold accuracy and credibility of information by selecting well-designed instruments. There are two types of validity, which according to Garson (2008) includes internal and external validity. The biases that are likely to affect the results of this study are the major threats to internal validity. Examples of such biases include subjectivity, researcher's biases, inflexible knowledge related to the theoretical framework and blind spots (Creswell, 2005). The research will be charged with the responsibility of reducing these biases in order to ensure validity of the study. According to Trochim (2006), external validity is related to the extent to which the results of the study can be generalized in other conditions. Since this study is faced with threats to external validity, i t cannot be generalized outside Atlanta area. Some of the reasons for lack of generalization to other areas include the fact that the demography of Atlanta area is different from other areas in the country. The research will use a triangulation technique to validate the results of the interviews. This will involve application of a number of data validation techniques such as backing up of the evidence from different individuals, using overlapping perspective and pieces of evidence, and authenticating information using several forms of

Does Complimentary and Alternative medicine provide adequit pain Term Paper

Does Complimentary and Alternative medicine provide adequit pain relief compared to pharmacological means - Term Paper Example For temporary pain relief, I positioned the patient with pillows in the way she preferred, massaged the patient’s legs, and encouraged her to go through deep breathing exercises to make her less focused on her pain. After informing the doctor that the patient is complaining of irretractable pain and a history of osteoarthritis, the doctor changed her pain regime to include muscle relaxant and physical therapy to improve her range-of-motion (ROM). After a short period of time, the patient was able to get up and walk. Pain management is common health care practices that most primary nurses failed to master. Since it is common for primary nurses to deal with patients who are suffering from chronic pain, it is essential for nurses to increase their knowledge on how to effectively manage the patients’ pain. Based on the fact that nurses are not permitted to prescribe pharmacological drugs such as opioids in managing the patient’s pain, I find it very interesting to se arch for alternative ways that can effectively minimize the patients’ pain. ... As compared to the use of pharmacological means, this study will focus on discussing whether or not CAM can provide adequate pain relief to patients with chronic pain. After discussing the differences between CAM and pharmacological-based drugs, this report will conduct a literature review in determining the health care benefits of incorporating the use of CAM in pain management. Eventually, the proposed change in the plan of care and how these changes can be initiated will be tackled in details. Differences between Complimentary and Alternative Medicine and Pharmacological-based Drugs Complimentary and alternative medicine is â€Å"a form of healing arts that is not taught in a traditional Western medical schools that could promote options to the use of conventional medicine† (MedicineNet.com, 2007). It is basically â€Å"a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not currently considered to be a part of a conventional medicine† (Garrow & Egede, 2006). In most cases, the research study of Barnes, Powell-Griner, McFann & Nahin (2004) revealed that the commonly used CAM therapies includes: prayer for self (43%), natural products like herbal medicines, teas, and vitamins (18.9%), deep breathing exercises (11.6%), meditation (7.6%), chiropractic (7.5%), yoga (5.1%), massage (5.0%), diet-based therapies (3.5%), and acupuncture (1.1%). Pharmacological medicines are mostly chemical-based drugs. Often times, these drugs should be prescribed by the doctors. When treating pain, common drugs use includes opioids class drugs (i.e. morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and oxycodone among others) which could provide the patients with analgesic effects to minimize the patient’s perceived pain (Mercadante et al., 2010; Murray & Hagen,