Supercool advising the partnership on their chances of successfully Essay

Supercool advising the partnership on their chances of successfully defending claims from John in connection with the bar furniture - Essay Example Under the terms of the contract Supercool would provide a large glass show case for six months, which would be both stocked and maintained by employees of Supercool in Inky’s bar located at the football ground. The contract also contained a clause that Supercool would not be liable for any loss or damage caused during stocking or maintenance of the show case by the staff of Supercool. John is now demanding compensation for damage caused to the bar area, and Supercool have referred John to the clause in the contract. Whenever there is a disagreement or dispute between members of a society, or between organisations the matter would have to be resolved by applying the law, through the courts. There are different types of laws such as the constitution law and the common law. In many cases judges will use previous cases to help solve a current case. This process is called precedents, which means to follow the decision of other judges in similar cases to solve their case.

Fear of Crime Survey Results

Fear of Crime Survey Results Data The data set used and analysed consisted of results from residents (N=300) who participated in the 2014, Gold Coast Community Survey on fear of crime and the factors that are associated with individual perceptions of what contributes to their fear. The data gathered from the survey analyses groups of categorical variables including fear, demographic characteristics, news and information, as well as community characteristics. Fear and News and information are categorised into their own variables with multiple values, whereas demographic and community characteristics are grouped represented by individual variables and further represented through multiple values. Demographic characteristics include; gender, age, income and education level. Community characteristics include; collective efficiency and Social cohesion. A detailed description of the data set including values is shown in Table 1. In this analysis the primary focus is to determine the association between fear and various othe r factors, thus determining that fear is the categorical dependant variable and the subsequent variables are independent variables. Table 1 Sub-sample size and Frequencies of variables. (N ­=300) Methods To determine whether there was a connection between fear of crime and various factors that could possibly influence or are associated with each individual’s perceptions, a chi-square r x c test for independence was conducted on the assembled data. This test was chosen to be conducted for this analysis due to all the variables being used are categorical with multiple values. Therefore meeting two assumptions for the chi-square test for independence; all categorical variables (Nominal or Ordinal) and should consist of two or more categorical variables. The other primary assumption of the chi-test for independence, which is the expected frequency should not drop below five in more than 25% of the cells in a contingency table was also met. The results displayed only two (4.55%) cells falling below the expected frequency count of five, with the minimum being 2.08, therefore not contributing to more than 25% cells of the contingency tables. Results A chi-square r x c test for independence was performed to examine the relationship or association between fear of crime and various factors that contributed to each participants perceptions. Within this analysis there were multiple variables to be examined to determine the association with fear of crime, the significant findings will be discussed prior to results table 2. Within the age of participant variable, 48% of participants over the age of 65 were fearful of crime, compared to 2.3% of participants aged between 55 and 64, 4.7% of participants between the ages of 25 and 54 years, and 3.3% of participants aged between 15 and 24 years. The relation between the dependant variable fearful / not fearful and the variable age of participant, showed that there was a significant association (X ² (3, N=300) = 106.59, p ≠¤ .001). The Cramer’s V was 0.59, thus resulting in approximately 35% variance of frequencies of fear can be explained by the variance of age. Within the var iable news and information, 46.7% of participants perceived the television increased fear of crime compared to 3.3% due to the radio, 7.0% due to print, 1.3% due to the internet and 0% due to other sources. The relation between the dependant variable and the variable of news and information, showed that there was also a significant association (X ² (4, N=300) = 59.39, p ≠¤ .001). The Cramer’s V was .445, thus resulting in approximately 20% variance of frequencies of fear can be explained by the variable of news and information. Both the Age variable and the news and information variable showed statistically higher associations with fear of crime, representing factors from demographic characteristics and news and information; compared to alternate variables, particularly community characteristics. Further detailed results of variables shown in table 2. Table 2 Results of chi-square test on variables associated with fear on crime Conclusion The variables age and news and information both have a significant association with the fear of crime within the Gold coast community. Addressing the research questions, the preceding data demonstrates that demographic characteristics and news and information both are related to residents fear of crime thus, concluding that the answers to research question one and two are, true, there is a relation The third research question enquiring the relationship between community characteristics and residents fear of crime, although the data concluded there is a slight relationship, it is not as significant as the other variables. Therefore it is suggested that strategies address the residents fear on crime by focusing on the factor of age and the production of news and information of crime, to alter the perceptions.

Good and Evil in The Devil and Tom Walker :: The Devil and Tom Walker

Good  and Evil in The Devil and Tom Walker    The concept of evil in the short story "The Devil and Tom Walker" can be shown in many ways, by Irvings' symbolism. In the short story, Tom Walker symbolizes all of mankind by portraying him as being "sinful" and evil. When there is an intent to destroy, then we get a different level of hatred. We see that good vs. evil has been a theme that is ubiquitous in many writings. The story "The Devil and Tom Walker" is a story about a man who lives an immoral life of greed. Walker lives in a wooded area, where it is solemn, and quiet area of New England. Walker runs into the devil and sees that the devil is cutting down someone else's timber. The evil is shown, by the devil in how he is premeditating the murder of a "Deacon Peabody". Walker contemplates this meeting with the devil, and recognizes that evil is wealth is the first priority for him. Tom Walker's wife, was filled with cupidity and wanted to acquire the gold that the devil had promised. Walker hadn't obliged to his wife, and due to his wife's acute cupidity set out on her own journey to acquire that gold. She had been killed because of her greed, and lack of morals for self-prosperity, which resulted in her death. This is an important example of the use of evil within "The Devil and Tome Walker". Walker is told from the devil that he could earn money through usury and extortion. Walker commits to usury and makes a generous sum of money. Walker has no repentance for such a sin and continues to his usury. The evil accumulates in the story as Walker accumulates more and more money, resulting from more and

Progress Process And Prospect Of Green Hotels Environmental Sciences Essay

AbstractionDeficit of natural resources and environmental pollutions are considered as marks of planetary heating and serious universe climatic menace in the last few decennaries. Hence, environmental preservation has been increasing of import to all sectors of the economic system for the states. Though there are many touristry governments that have created the criterions or enfranchisements for environmentally sustainable hotels, really few Malaysia hotels have policies turn toing the issues. This survey aims to specify the advancement of Malayan hotel Industry and suggesting the effectivity and chance for Malayan environmental hotels.Research ObjectiveAs green becomes the colour of the twenty-four hours, the large terra incognita, nevertheless, is whether the remainder of the industry will follow suit every bit good as the uncertainness demand for green hotel. Green hotel ever near related to sustainability. A sustainable hotel should hold as little a footmark ( computation the amo unt of a edifice ‘s environmental impact ) as possible. However, it is about impossible to accomplish a zero footmark in world. Most hotels could go truly â€Å" C impersonal † merely by buying green credits or carbon-offsetting ( e.g. , paying a company to works trees to antagonize the hotel ‘s carbon-dioxide emanations ) . In fact, it requires considerable of money for a hotel traveling theirs measure towards green patterns by conserving energy, H2O and solid waste direction, etc. Therefore, the aims in this survey are: To look into the chief factor that influence regular hotel alteration into green hotel To detect the proper ways that make the regular hotel become green hotel To comprehend the hereafter of the hotel after become greenProblem StatementRecently more people are encompassing a green life style. Since bing edifices contribute about 80 % of the C emanations in some metropoliss through their energy usage, a major focal point of these attempts has been on sustainable building. Hotels use a enormous sum of energy and H2O every bit good as collect a immense sum of waste. By making their portion to conserve, recycle, and cut down, they are protecting the planet every bit good as supplying a great topographic point for eco-friendly invitees to remain. The intent of this research is to analyze the current province of green hotel industry. Further this survey besides makes the cordial reception industry taking an enterprise or implement for the interest of the environment. The industry is cognizant of these concerns, and has been look intoing environmentally-friendly options that would still turn out consistent with guest concerns for at least the last 15 years.ATheoretical ModelGreen hotel is created to diminish the sum of waste come ining landfills and increase the sum of waste that can be recycled. Hospitality industry must alter their scheme into â€Å" green † motion besides they have to seeking practical environmental that lead to a better universe. A The hotel industry could profit economically from the green motion, foremost by pulling invitees who wish to follow a greener life style, every bit good as salvaging money through cost-saving energy patterns and equipment adjustments.A Being green means ‘Green ‘ hotels are following environmentally friendly patterns and plans that will cut down energy direction ( Amy 2009 ) , H2O preservation ( JeongDoo ) , and waste direction ( Evans, 2008 ) .H4H5H3H2H1Figure 1: Conceptual model of the chief patterns of being a green hotel Hypothesis 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 )Introductionâ€Å" Green † Hotels are environmentally-friendly belongingss whose directors are eager to establish plans that save H2O, salvage energy and cut down solid waste while salvaging money to assist protect our one and merely Earth. Recently more hotels are encompassing a green life style. Bing green agencies invitees, staff and direction are healthier. Since bing edifices contribute about 80 % of the C emanations in some metropoliss through their energy usage, a major focal point of these attempts has been on sustainable building. Many hotels are reacting to consumer demands for a healthier and greener life style by doing their concern more environmentally friendly. Not merely consumer demand, fiscal inducements besides like to promote the cordial reception industry to go on developing more environmentally friendly hotel. Bing green agencies hotel are following environmentally friendly patterns and plans that will cut down energy, H2O and waste ( Amy, 2009 ) . Green attempts can be every bit basic as H2O preservation steps ( such as promoting the re-use of invitee linens ) , housekeepers using environmentally safe cleansing merchandises or Eco-sensitive watering place and bath comfortss to grander enterprises such as all-green building ( Kathy, 2007 ) . Among the more marked Eco attempts are late built hotels that weave the usage of ecologically sound building stuffs and thoughts into their very construct. Expect further rejuvenation of hotels as consumer demand additions. Harmonizing to a study conducted by the Travel Industry Association and Partnership, most grownups say they would be more likely to choose an hotel that uses more environmentally friendly merchandises and procedures, because environmentally friendly merchandise do them go more fitter. Besides supplying a positive consequence, green hotel besides give some jobs. Hotel must pay more to acquire friendly merchandise, besides they have to looking for a new topographic point to develop their green hotel. It means that they must cutting down a wood to construct their green hotel. And that makes our environment go more diminish.Literature ReviewThe Origin of Green PracticesThe hotel industry, like many other did non entertain the construct of salvaging energy for many old ages, as oil monetary values were at an all clip low in the 1980 ‘s and the early portion 1990s ( Hirschland, Oppenheim and Webb, 2008 ) . The chemical and oil industries were the first to come under probe by conservationist due to the seeable nature of their environmental impact. The cordial reception an industry took a long clip to come under examination and as a consequence was slow to take duty in cut downing the impact of their concern were holding on the environment. The construct of green or friendly hotel has become a really serious and profound subject within the cordial reception sphere in the past decennary. Bowman ( 1975, p.74 ) states that a â€Å" series of widely publicized environmental calamities signaled the globalisation of environmental concern and that society has entered the last phase of a procedure that has taken worlds from fearing, to understanding, to utilizing, to mistreating, and now to worrying about the physical and biological universe around them Cordial reception suppliers are now been forced to take duty for the impact their services are holding on the environment. In 1996, Agenda 21 for the travel and touristry industry made cordial reception suppliers aware of the demand to heighten sustainability development. There is grounds in today ‘s literature to propose the execution of environmental patterns is widespread across the cordial reception industry as the benefit are infinite, the most of import being fiscal sustainability. Pizman ( 2009 ) believes that many cordial reception organisations are non interested in environmental sustainability for selfless or ethical grounds, but are strictly puting in environmental patterns for selfish profitable grounds. Houdre ( 2006 ) , Brown ( 2006 ) and Stark ( 2009 ) have made it clear that the premier ground for implementing environmental patterns is geared towards profitableness. Cotton ( 2007 ) believes that the intent of running any concern is to do a net income and so it is dismaying the figure of cordial reception organisations that are non following green patterns in order to drive long term profitableness. This suggests that there are barriers and obstructions with respect to the execution of environmental patterns in the cordial reception industry.Green Hotels in MalaysiaOver the past decennary many organisation, both in the private and the public sectors have recognized the value of a systematic attack to the direction of their organisation ( Abdallah, 2007 ) . Superficially, it might be argued that environmental direction is non of import issue in the Malayan hotel industry. Comparing with the other environmentally developed hotel industry from other states, Malaysia hotel industry ap pears missing in the consciousness for environmentally policy ( Azusa, 2009 ) . There is a realisation among many hotels that environmental direction does non entirely intend forestalling their milieus from being polluted. Daily operational activities and consideration, which range from the usage of recycled documents to minimising the usage of heavy chemicals besides provide a important cost economy step for hotels ( Hong and Parker, 2004 ) . Therefore, it is non true to province that investing in environmental direction patterns will ensue in the escalation of operational costs and eroding of net income borders ( Foster, Sampson and Dunn, 2000 ) Harmonizing to the star.com.my five hotels in Malaysia have been chosen as the new receivers of the ASEAN Green Hotel Award 2010, conveying the entire figure of such hotel in the state to 10.the five hotels are The Andaman Langkawi in Sedah, Shangri-LA ‘s Tanjung Aru Resort & A ; Spa in Kota Kinabalu. Mines Wellnes Hotel in Selangor, Shangri-La ‘s Rasa Ria Resort in Tuaran and Renaissance Kuala Lumpur Hotel. The ASEAN Green Hotel Award 2008 receivers which managed to retain their position were Hotel Melia Kuala Lumpur, Nexus Resort Karambunai in Sabah, Shangri-La ‘s Rasa Sayang Resort & A ; Spa in Penang, Shangri-la ‘s Hotel Kuala Lumpur and The Frangipani Langkawi Resort & A ; Spa. The ASEAN Green Hotel Standard is an indispensable tool to back up ASEAN as a universe category quality finish.Zero Waste Approach – Traveling Beyond Best PracticesThis study discusses several subjects that illustrate ways hotel are going greener. Although implementing the b est patterns saves money, this study shows how to travel beyond best patterns. The end being a friendly hotel is to extinguish every bit much as possible the negative impacts on the environment both by cut downing ingestion of resources and by altering the patterns so that the waste hotel green goods can be used as natural stuff. Achieving zero waste may or may non possible in the foreseeable hereafter. What matters is working towards zero waste by go oning to implement plans as new chances to utilize antecedently wasted stuffs become available. Nowadays a few prima hotels are endeavoring to go zero waste trade names, which does non needfully intend the riddance of all byproduct. It means utilizing resources expeditiously, utilizing renewable resources and when coevals of byproducts is ineluctable, utilizing those byproduct as natural stuff for other procedures. Besides implementing zero waste, energy preservation and H2O preservation besides of import to patterns the green hotel. The cost nest eggs and environmental benefits of the nothing waste enterprise more of import and it takes to establish such a plan. The procedure of making zero waste takes several months to finish with most organisations seeing feasible consequences after the first twelvemonth ( Thayne, 2010 ) . The zero waste procedure must affect every member of the hotel, with a nucleus squad or maneuvering commission supervising the enterprise. To accomplish zero waste hotels must place how much waste exists in the organisation past to the enterprise and work together with the each member of the section to find the sum of waste created in each class. A few prima hotels today are determined to go zero waste trade name, which does non needfully intend the riddance of all by merchandises. It means that utilizing resources expeditiously, utilizing renewable resources and when coevals of by merchandise is ineluctable, utilizing those by merchandises as natural stuff for other procedures ( Abhinav and Rajeshwari, 2001 ) .Environmental Management Practices ( EMP )Over the past decennary many organisation, both in the private and the public sectors, have recognized the value of a systematic attack to the direction of their organisations. Apparently, it might be argued that environmental direction is non an of import issue in the Malayan hotel industry. After all, certain groups might reason that it is impossible for the hotels to be environmentally cognizant due to high investing cost involved. However, upon deeper scrutiny of the topic might uncover that hotels in Malaysia can non avoid facing this issue for long if they are to stay com petitory ( Ahmad, 2007 ) . There is a realisation among many hotels that environmental direction does non merely intend forestalling their milieus from being polluted. Daily operational activities and consideration, which range from the usage of recycled documents to minimising the usage of heavy chemicals besides provide a important cost economy step for hotel ( Hong & A ; Parker, 2004 ) . Environmental direction is a direction model for cut downing environmental impacts and bettering hotel public presentation overtime. In other words, environmental direction provide hotel of all types with a constructions attack for pull offing environmental and regulative duties to better overall environmental public presentation ( Vandermerwe & A ; Oliff, 1990 ) . Environmental direction pattern enterprises consist of several patterns such as holding an environmental policy, preparation and honoring workers to happen chances to forestall pollution, puting corporation broad internal criterions, set abouting internal environmental audits and following the doctrine of entire quality direction in environmental direction ( Khanna & A ; Anton, 2002 ) . In general, environmental direction pattern would include the extent to which a company has defined its environmental policy, developed processs to set up environmental aims, to choose and enforced environmental patterns assessed the result s of such patterns and has allocated environmental duties ( Klassen & A ; Whybark, 1996 ) . Such an force per unit area in the hotel industry would intend that environmental direction should be studied from all proficient and organisational angles so as to cut down the environmental impact caused by a hotel ‘ concern operations. The benefit of following Environmental Management Practices is many-sided. For case, of the streamlining of a hotel ‘s operational activities to be harmonic with environmental demands will accrue nest eggs ( Rondinelli & A ; Vastag, 1995 ) through the bar of environmental debasement in bend taking to cut down cost of production and higher net income ( Pava & A ; Krausz, 1997 ; Russo, Fouts & A ; Paul, 1997 ; Waddoek & A ; Graves, 1997 ) . Ultimately, the execution of Environmental Management Practices ‘ may supply hotels with alone environmental resources operation, capablenesss and benefits that may confabulate a competitory advantage to practicians ( Hart, 1995 ; Klassen & A ; Whybark, 1999 ) . Such benefit may obtain from image benefit, encompassing of eco-tourism and cost economy ( Aalders, 2002 ; Holland & A ; Foo, 2003 ; Kollman, 2001 ; Prakash, 2002 ) .Energy EfficiencyHotels are the largest consumers of energy non merely in constructing building but besides as constitution with complex installings, which provide invitees with high degree of multi-faceted comfort and sole comfortss, intervention and installations. Many of the services provided to hotel invitees are extremely resource intensive whether it concerns energy, H2O or natural stuffs. A important sum of the energy used is wasted go forthing sample for intelligent steps of energy efficiency and preservation ( Joseph, 2009 ) . Since the installing of energy, H2O and natural stuff salvaging techniques in hotels can accomplish environmental advancement and offer competitory advantages to hotels in surpassing their opposite numbers, many new energy salvaging installations have been introduced by the hotel sector in the past few old ages following t echnological progresss ( Willy, 2009 ) . The addition in energy monetary value agencies that energy preservation attempts should be taken to cut down the consequence of energy cost ( Weng Wai, Buang and Abdul Hakim, p.58, 2006 ) . As stated by Yukata Mizuta ( 2003 ) , energy preservation may non merely convey decreases in C dioxide emanation, but may besides take to salvaging in the outgo on energy. On a world-wide footing, the energy used in the hotels is preponderantly fossil fuel based or comes from atomic reactors ( Philip, 2009 ) . A genuinely sustainable hotel must non merely see ways to utilize energy sagely but should besides see the possibilities of heightening the usage of energy from renewable resources. About 40 % of the energy used in a hotel is electricity, 60 % comes from natural gas and oils fuels ( Niki, 2008 ) . These energy carriers are brought in by the hotel. The energy is converted by a figure of transition into the most of import internal flows of energy viz. heat, cold and illuming. Heat is used in t he signifier of hot H2O ; hot H2O is used in the signifier of hot tap H2O. Cold is used chiefly for chilling and drying the airing air, largely cold is produced in the signifier of ice H2O. Figure 1. Energy ingestion that usage in the hotel Lighting is one of the largest electrical energy consumers in the hotels, as in many other sorts of public-service corporation edifices. Figure 1 shows that some 35 % of the entire energy ingestion in hotel goes to illuming. Lighting installing must supply equal degrees of illuming for each activity. Bright and comfort degree are besides of import for illuming inside the hotels, depending on the country where illuming are required. Lighting degrees necessary for each zone are established in the lighting ordinances of each peculiar state. These degrees should be reached by the most suited lamps for each application. When it comes to the energy nest eggs that can be made on lighting, there are two chief ways. Efficient illuming Required lighting is supplied by light resources, which are made up of lamp and leading lights. The pick of light beginning depends on assorted standards, e.g. : efficiency colour temperature, colour representation index, lamp life, emanation modeaˆÂ ¦etc. Lighting in the different countries of the hotels have different demand, but it is really of import that the most efficient lamp is chosen for each application. Smart exchanging Another nest eggs can be achieved with â€Å" smart shift † of illuming. Lighting is often switched on unnecessarily when there is sufficient daytime or there is cipher in the room. With manual operated system particularly, light tend to be left firing needlessly.Water ConservationWater preservation encourage hotel to pull off how and when H2O is being used, manage both the proficient and human side of H2O direction issues. It is estimated that by 2010, H2O usage addition to about 475 gallons per twenty-four hours for each hotel room ( Sarah, 2002 ) .however in other adjustments, H2O utilizations still a cost and an of import emphasis on the local environment. In many instances H2O preservation can be a affair of buying and utilizing the proper systems. Factors that consider H2O beginnings may include renewability, possible impact on the environment and H2O supplies every bit good as economic benefit. Some of developing states, hotel H2O usage may impact the H2O supplies of the local people. Any H2O usage decrease plan must hold full support of the each member of the hotel. Some hotel estimated that merely little per centum of H2O consumed by the invitee, the ba lance is used by the fille de chambres during cleansing. Water is important resources for the cordial reception industry as it limited resource and needed for figure activities as illustrated in figure 2. Figure 2. Hotel H2O system and usage Identifying where H2O usage is utmost of import to hotel in developing countries. With increasing consciousness of cost economy chances through H2O preservation, assorted related plans have been developed and implemented among hotel companies. Harmonizing to Marriott International ( 2007 ) linen reuse plan, promoting invitees to recycle lines and towels during they stay contributes to salvaging 11 to 17 % on hot H2O. Previous literature besides reported that linen and towel reuse plans are well-established patterns in hotel in most states, with more than two-thirds of the respondents in surveies conducted in different states utilizing such plan ( Bohdanowicz, 2006 ; Erdogan and Baris 2007 ; Mensah, 2006 ) . This plan saves non merely hot H2O and energy, but besides reduces the usage of detergents and thereby reduces effluent.Waste ManagementCordial reception industry can go of import factor in the minimisation of waste that is presently disposed of at landfill sites. Waste direction has been designed and implemented to cut down the volume and toxicity of refuse ( Iwanowski and Rushmore, 1994 ) . Erdogan and Barish ( 2007 ) conducted a survey to analyze environmental patterns and found that paper and nutrient waste are the greatest sum of waste generated beginnings of hotels. Previous research indicates that the degree of hotels ‘ committedness to blow screening and recycling varies, depending on regulative force per unit areas and local authorities ‘s support. Waste minimisation and direction involves cut down, reuse and recycling. These attempts combine to minimise the sum of waste disposed and the cost of disposal and aid to guarantee that concluding disposal is done in an sanctioned and sustainable mode. Minimizing waste coevals begins in buying map. Buying in majority, utilizing merchandise manufactured from recycled stuffs, commanding the use of merchandise to avoid waste and working with provider to minimise merchandise packaging are all proved ways to minimise waste coevals ( David, 2002 ) Reuse as a agency of waste decrease has been practiced in the cordial reception industry for many old ages ; beverage container such as those keeping syrup dressed ore and beer kegs are typical. Reuse does non hold to go on on the belongings itself ; used linens can be donated to shelters or other charitable organisations for reuse ( Willy, 2009 ) . Recycling stuffs is better pick than recycling, firing or landfill. Recycling different from recycling, recycling interruptions down an point into the basic parts and makes a new merchandise out of it, but recycling an points keeps the stuff in its original signifier and uses the point over and over once more for the same or different intent. Recycling as a agency of preservation can be turned into gross steam. The monetary value paid for recycled stuffs varies geographically and over clip ( Philip, 2009 ) . A recycled merchandise describes a merchandise that is made wholly or partially from secondary stuff recovered from consumer waste. Some merchandise are reduced to their natural province and remanufactured into something resembling their original province. In the instance of recycled paper, the newspaper gathered from invitee sleeping rooms and the used notepaper coming from the hotel transcript store are reduced back to their natural province of paper mush which is so used to bring forth more paper. Unfortunately, many merchandises recycled in this mode come back as lesser quality merchandise ( David, 2002 ) . Reduce as a means decreasing the sum points or resources that are consumed utilizing the sum that is needed. The illustration of the cut down undertaking that hotel can make is ; cut down the sum and toxicity of rubbish that hotel discard, possibilities include buying lasting, long permanent goods, seeking merchandise and packaging that are as toxin free as possible and redesigning merchandises to utilize fewer natural stuffs in production, last longer or can be used once more after their original intent. Hotel activities should be able to be safely assimilated into natural system, therefore foregrounding the demand of solid and liquid direction techniques Figure 3. Wastage that generated by hotel Solid waste in hotels has many constituents, including paper, nutrient, assorted metals, plastics, aluminium and glass. This gives a image of the assortment of waste that can be produces by merely a little figure of hotels in a metropolis. When looked at with a zero-waste attitude, these figures show the chances for both resource recovery and waste decrease. Implementing a solid waste decrease plan in a hotel can make important cost nest eggs in waste trucking fees while making a more environmentally friendly hotel ( Sarah, 2002 ) . This is particularly true as solid waste becomes a more important environmental issue and landfill fees addition. Frequently hotels hesitate to set up plan in solid direction because of the coordination and cooperation needed among direction, employees and invitees. However the cost benefit is an inducement.Implementing Green EnterprisesWhile many companies and persons talk about ways they can assist the environment, it is still merely a few that are really making a program of action. Meeting Professionals International or MPI took its first measure in 2006 at the Professional Education Conference, a convention of run intoing contrivers from around the universe. MPI worked with the convention centre to recycle merchandises from the meeting by donating leftover nutrient bank, donating marks to local schools for art undertakings and utilizing green providing for conference events ( Gardner, 2006 ) . These are simple ways to add a green enterprise to the hotel and integrate a no waste pattern at small cost. One manner meeting contrivers can larn what a hotel provides in term of green pattern is by puting green petition into the petition for proposal. Some contrivers are inquiring for recycling plans to be in topographic point. Planners are besides bespeaking that hotels have complete green plans in topographic point or their hotel will non be chosen for an event ( Gardner, 2006 ) Banquet Department Harmonizing to Nancy Wilson of Meeting Strategies Worldwide, these are some stairss that can be taken to green the hotel: Use e-mail alternatively of paper mail Use an online enrollment system Forgo passing out conference bags unless they are made of recycled stuffs A truly interesting idea is to take hotels either near the airdrome or shut to all activities associating to the meeting ( Gardner, 2006 ) . This will restrict C dioxide emanations by restricting the demand for vehicular transit from one location to the following. As for nutrient service, the feast section should update how nutrient and java interruptions are presented to the invitee. Alternatively of separately wrapped Sweets, honey, jams and picks, the hotel needs to exchange to bulk containers that can be reused many times, making less rubbish ( McPhee, 2006 ) . In add-on, alternatively of street arab utensils, silverware should be supplied to stir java and tea. Refillable H2O jugs that can be set up periodically throughout the meeting infinite with existent spectacless available should be used in topographic point of bottled H2O. Changing the lighting to energy efficient bulbs in the meeting infinite, fittingness centre and employee merely countries of the hotel will be high precedence. Groups have specific illuming demands for the meeting infinite, but the fittingness centre and back of house do non necessitate to hold many different types of illuming. Fortunately, there are many new efficient bulbs that can now be dimmed and adjusted to the groups ‘ demands in the event infinite ( Fedrizzi and Rogers, 2002 ) . The more intense undertaking will be put ining gesture detectors throughout the meeting infinite and back of house. These countries are used for a big sum of clip each twenty-four hours, but there are times when no 1 would be in the countries at all. If the detectors could turn the visible radiation on and off when person walks in or out of a room by observing organic structure heat, so the energy would be cut down in comparing to when the visible radiations are left on continuously ( Serlen, 2008 ) . Guest Room The invitee room is a hard location to implement alterations, as it requires the invitee to believe what the hotel would wish to alter. If the invitee wants new sheets each twenty-four hours, so the hotel most likely will compel the invitee to do them happy. That being said, many enterprises can be taken to do it easy for the invitee to take part in the new policies. Another facet is how to salvage energy in empty invitee suites. Harmonizing to Jeff Sobieski ( 2008 ) , hotel guestrooms are unoccupied about 60 % of the clip. This mean that for 60 % of the clip, the hotel can be in control of the temperature and lighting of a guestroom and pull off how much energy is being used during that clip without interfering with the invitee ‘s comfort. The following are two illustrations of energy salvaging scenarios that can take topographic point in invitee suites. The first is to alter visible radiation bulbs to energy efficient visible radiation bulbs that will last long and use less power. The other alteration is the â€Å" turn off ‘ plan. This plan will hold the Thermostat linked to the hotel database so the temperature can alter when the guest cheque in and out. This system can besides reset itself anytime the guest leaves the room ( Freed, 2008 ) . Besides, if the room has a balcony, anytime the balcony door opens, the temperature will reset itself. Ran in concurrence with the 2nd scenario, the â€Å" turn off † plan, hotels can utilize in-room tenancy sensors. These sensors use organic structure heat detectors to scan the room to look into is a invitee has entered or exited the room. Once it detects that person is in the room, the system will return the temperature of the room back to the invitee ‘s penchant. The detectors can besides be used as a manner to maintain the visible radiations from being left on all twenty-four hours and dark. If there is no motion in a present sum of clip, the detectors can describe database that it is All right to turn off the visible radiations. While this will salvage energy, some guest prefers to walk into a room with light. This can be fixed by holding a hall light bend on when the forepart door opens so the invitee is non come ining a dark room. This can be managed by a detector or by a connexion between the door and the visible radiation ( Hanna, 2008 ) . Restaurant The countries of eating house and kitchens that are non seen by invitees can salvage energy through a survey of how the contraptions are used and comparing that to how they are supposed to be used. The chief manner to salvage energy in the kitchens is to learn the staff the proper manner to utilize the equipment ( Jones, 2002 ) . For illustration teach the staff to shut the icebox door when non in usage. In add-on, maintaining the equipment cleaned and maintained will do certain that the equipment is running at its best degree ; this will assist guarantee the lowest sum of energy would be used ( Lawn, 2008 ) The thought of replacing the contraptions in the laundry country besides can be applied to hotel kitchens. For illustration, a new energy star steam cooker can be 60 % more efficient than the regular theoretical accounts available ( Brodsky, 2005 ) . This type of nest eggs can be applied to all the contraptions. Housekeeping or Laundry The energy salvaging in the laundry country will necessitate some installation of new contraptions and systems. While there will be an initial cost associated with the new contraptions, it will salvage energy in the long tally. The first alteration will be to put in new gas driers that can dry cloth more rapidly and utilize less energy. The other new system is a heat recovery unit that can salvage the heat from the old H2O rhythm in the wash and reassign the heat to the clean H2O being used in the following rhythm ( Fedrizzi and Rogers, 2002 ) . Both of these options are making new ways to conserve energy, but non altering the existent procedure of making wash. The hotel ‘s housekeeping staff would be responsible for watching for leaks throughout all invitee suites and hotel infinite. Harmonizing to Ashwin Patel ( 2008 ) , a individual leak can blow 10,000 litres yearly ; all sinks, showers and lavatories need to be checked for leaks. These are initial measure and easy holes that can be taken while waiting for larger enterprises to take topographic point.Expectation from Green HotelFor many old ages, the hotel industry was loath to admit any important influence on the natural milieus. Hotel edifices for the illustration, due to their very specific and alone map and operational form, by and large have a much larger ecological impact than other commercial edifices of similar size. At the same clip, the well being and development of the touristry and the hotel industry relies to a great extent on the handiness of clean, natural environment ( Paulina, Branko and Ivo, 2004 ) The most of import side consequence of traveling green is to make a more sustainable environment. This is the chief end of all the aforesaid enterprises. Besides, the illustrations of alterations have shown the nest eggs that can be achieved for the hotel. However, one chief positive facet may look a small selfish. There are many grounds why company chooses to make the undertakings they do, and for the most portion it is because the hotel wants to be viewed positively by client or invitee. Harmonizing to Patrick Hartman and Vanessa Ibanez ( 2006 ) , if the trade name is considered green, so consumers are willing to pay more for that merchandise. This allows the hotel to experience as if they are making something good for the environment while go toing the conference they planned on attention. Hypothesis 1: Hotel that operate green patterns will ensue in the betterment of operational costs and less of net income Hypothesis 2:

Asperger Syndrome 3

Asperger syndrome is an autism spectrum disorder and is considered a high functioning form of Autism. Autism spectrum disorders are also known as pervasive developmental disorders and can affect social skills and communication. Asperger syndrome can also delay the development of motor skills and cause sensory problems. While there is no cure for Asperger syndrome, there are treatments to help teach the skills affected by Asperger to patients to help them cope with the disorder. Research is currently being conducted to find the causes of Asperger syndrome and other effective treatment methods. The symptoms of Asperger syndrome are caused by delays in several areas of development such as social skills, communication skills, motor skills, and language skills. Patients with Asperger syndrome can become over-focused on a single topic or object and will want to know everything about the topic and will talk very little about anything else. Their areas of interest may be extremely narrow and they will often rattle off facts about their topic of interest with no conclusion or connection to conversation (Asperger Syndrome-PubMed Health). Asperger patients also exhibit social awkwardness and have trouble forming relationships. Eye contact, use of facial expressions, and body language are impaired in patients and can inhibit regulation of social interaction. Patients may also lack emotional empathy and the ability to recognize social cues (OASIS @ MAAP – What Is Asperger Syndrome? . Speech may have a lack of rhythm, odd inflection, or a monotone pitch in patients with Asperger syndrome. They may also lack the control to match the volume of their voice to their surroundings (Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet). Asperger syndrome patients may show delays in motor development and exhibit unusual physical behaviors such as repetitive arm flapping, twisting, or other whole body movements (Asperger Syndrome – PubMed Healt h). Asperger syndrome is very difficult to diagnose. People with Asperger syndrome often function very well in everyday life, so the signs and symptoms exhibited are often just recognized as â€Å"quirks† or a way of just being different. If a child exhibits any symptoms of Asperger syndrome, it is extremely important to seek the help of a doctor and they will refer you to a mental health professional or a specialist for further evaluation. A â€Å"psychological exam† will be performed to compile a history of when the symptoms first apeared, the development of motor skills and language patterns, and other aspects of behavior and ersonality. The earlier an evaluation is conducted, the sooner treatments can be started to improve a child’s development with Asperger syndrome (Asperger Syndrome). Asperger syndrome has no cure, but with treatments and medications, many children with Asperger syndrome grow into well-developed, productive adults. The majority of diagnosed children benefit from specialized treatments that f ocus on social skills training and behavior management. Some of these treatments include communication and social skills training and cognitive behavioral therapy. There are no medications that specifically treat Asperger syndrome, but there are some medications that can help improve symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and hyperactivity including Aripiprazole, Guanfacine, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Risperidone, Olanzapine, and Naltrexone (Staff, Mayo Clinic). Parent training is also helpful in continuing treatment at home and teaches parents techniques to be used at home to better their child’s development (Asperger Syndrome – PubMed Health). Research is currently being conducted to understand the causes of Asperger syndrome and to find more effective treatments. A study is currently being conducted using functional magnetic resonance imaging to show how abnormalities in particular areas of the brain can cause the symptoms of Asperger syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. There is also a large-scale study comparing neuropsychological and psychiatric assessments of children with possible diagnoses of Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism to those of their parents and sibling to try to identify any patterns of symptoms that link Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism to any specific neuropsychological profiles. A long-rang international study conducted by a collection of scientists from universities, academic centers, and institutions from around the world to collect and analyze DNA sample from children with Asperger syndrome and high-function autism, along with their families, to identify associated genes and how they interact. This study is better known as the Autism Genome Project and functions as a repository for genetic data so that researchers can try to find the genetic â€Å"building blocks† of Asperger syndrome an autism spectrum disorders (Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet). Asperger syndrome is a high-functioning form of autism and is considered an autism spectrum disorder. It delays the development of many areas such as communication and social skills. Even though there is no cure for Asperger syndrome, with the right treatments and medications, most children with a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome and their families learn to cope with the symptoms of this disorder. Many adults with Asperger syndrome can develop to be happy, well-functioning, and productive adults with successful mainstream jobs and lead fulfilling independent lives with the right kind of treatment plans and support available to them. Works Cited â€Å"Asperger Syndrome – PubMed Health. † Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet. † National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"Asperger Syndrome. † KidsHealth – the Web's Most Visited Site about Children's Health. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"OASIS @ MAAP – What Is Asperger Syndrome? † OASIS @ MAAP – The Online Asperger Syndrome Information and Support Center. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . Staff, Mayo Clinic. â€Å"Asperger's Syndrome – MayoClinic. com. † Mayo Clinic. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .

Compare the female characters in DH Lawrences Tickets, Please and Thomas Hardys Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver Essay Example

Compare the female characters in DH Lawrences Tickets, Please and Thomas Hardys Tony Kytes, the Arch Compare the female characters in DH Lawrences Tickets, Please and Thomas Hardys Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver Paper Compare the female characters in DH Lawrences Tickets, Please and Thomas Hardys Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver Paper Essay Topic: Literature Short Fiction of Dh Lawrence Both DH Lawrences Tickets, Please and Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver deal with relationships between men and women and the rejection of women by men. At the beginning of Tickets, Please, Annie is peremptory and one of the fearless young hussies that controls the tramcars. At the end after Annie and John Thomas roller coaster-like relationship, it is clear that something has broken in her. Annie tried very hard to keep John Thomas at arms length, which is emphasised by its repetition, whereas, in Tony Kytes, the women are almost desperate to marry Tony Kytes. But in the end, after Hannah Jolliver had refused Tony Kytes, Unity Sallet will not take Hannahs leavings and walks away but looks back to see if Tony is following her. In the end, Tony ends up with Milly, after-all as she doesnt believe that Tony didnt really mean what he had said to them. In Tickets, Please, the women cope with their rejection by attacking him, and in Tony Kytes the women cope with rejection by secretly wishing to marry him. In Tony Kytes, the man gets the girl at the end, but the man in Tickets, Please gets nothing. Throughout history, the relationship between men and women has changed significantly due to the social and historical climate. In the Victorian era, women were treated as objects that were owned by the young suitors that were found for them. Their main aim in life was to find a young man and settle down. As time progressed and the First World War began, men had to leave to fight a common enemy. This meant that women had acquired a new role as they started to work in factories, in the jobs the men had left behind. This set a new agenda for women as they took back control of their lives. This means that although the stories deal with the same subject, the time difference sets them apart. This fact also alters the way the women in the stories act. Annie, from Tickets, Please stays sharp all the way through the story, even when rejected by John Thomas. The women in Tony Kytes, on the other hand, are more concerned with looking for a husband, and so they are more willing to forgive Tonys deceit. In the opening paragraph of Tickets, Please, DH Lawrence describes a single-line tramway system that boldly makes its way through the black industrial countryside up hill and down dale hrough the long, ugly villages of the Midlands. Repetition of ugly and again conveys just how boring dull and ugly the countryside is and how tedious the journey becomes. The way that DH Lawrence opens the story is effective. He describes the journey of the rickety, old tram that plunges itself into darkness as it races through stark, grimy, cold little market places. It conveys metaphorically the roller coaster-like relationship that Annie has with the slithering snail, John Thomas. The short phrases in the first sentence linked with commas, also gives the impression of a dangerous tram journey. The train speeds through the Midlands and the speed is conveyed by the use of word like up and down, high, tilting, rush, down and up again. We feel as if we are travelling by tram as it gathers momentum before reaching a climax. The reader is held on tenterhooks at a precipitous drop. Lawrence uses personification to describe the tram, city-cars and the gloomy Midlands. The tram is described as reckless, breathless and as patient suggesting that something is wrong with it. It also referred to as bold. He uses alliteration in pause and purr as the tram observes with curious satisfaction. This animal imagery, suggests that the tramcar is cat-like. The movement in the first sentence suggests the darting and movements of a cat. The city cars are great crimson and cream coloured, which makes the tramcar feel somewhat abashed, but it is still perky, jaunty and daredevil like Annie. The simile green as a jaunty sprig of parsley out of a black colliery garden acts as a medium to draw contrast between the colourful reckless tram and its bleak surroundings. The opening paragraph in Tickets, Please prepares the reader for Annies character by metaphorically comparing the trams journey to her brave and courageous nature. This prepares us for Annies entrance because Annie and the tram display the bold and reckless spirit. Verbs like plunges, tilting prepare the reader for Annies reckless, breathless adventure with John Thomas. The most important adjective that links Annie and the tram is bold, because it suggests the danger involved in the tram journey and the danger in Annies relationship with John Thomas. Animal imagery is used when Annie is introduced. Words like wild, alive little creature and swift depict Annies quick nature. In Tony Kytes the surroundings are very different from Tickets, Please. It is set in Dorset countryside in the 1890s and portrays an idyllic picture of fields and carts, whereas in Tickets, Please the industrial countryside sets the tone for a bleak landscape. In Tony Kytes there is very little description but from the tone and mood of the characters conversation it can be constructed as warm and bright where everyone is jolly. Both John Thomas and Tony Kytes are popular with the ladies and have had many different partners. Tony Kytes has a weak character, as he is indecisive on who to marry, whereas, John Thomas, a fine cock-of-the-walk, is in complete control of the relationships he has. Tony Kytes is very serious looking and unsmiling young man. He had many scars from Smallpox on his face, which gave him a rugged yet handsome appearance. He was the womens favourite and he loved em in shoals. On the other hand, John Thomas is very good looking with an impudent smile which draws the ladies to him. In Tickets, Please John Thomas is portrayed as a confident dominant character who is always in charge of the relationship whereas Tony Kytes also controls the women who are eager to please him. They hide in the cart when told to do so. John Thomas does not want a serious relationship while Tony Kytes is ready for commitment. Unlike John Thomas who resented women who took an intelligent interest in him, Tony Kytes is not intentionally deceptive as he lies to them in order to save their feelings. In the opening paragraph of Tickets, Please, DH Lawrence prepares the reader for Annies character by describing the tramcars that are driven by men unfit for active service: cripples and hunchbacks. As a result of the war there was gender balance as men and women were companions in peril. The strong hussies were a contrast to the delicate young men. The semantic field of animals is used in describing the fearless young hussies that pounce on youths who try to evade their ticket-machine. Annie is peremptory and suspicious; she guards her Thermopylae with her heart of stone. In contrast, her vulnerability shown by her wild romance which beats in her sturdy bosom. She is something of a Tartar and has kept John Thomas at arms length with her sharp tongue for many months. Annie and John Thomas are companions in peril, brief equality brought about by the war. As the men were away at war, all the jobs that were previously done by men had to be done by women. This brought on a very good feeling between the girls and drivers. On the other hand, Milly Richards in Tony Kytes is a nice, light, tender, little thing. She epitomises the ideal, weak, submissive Victorian woman. Unity Sallet is a handsome girl who Tony had been very tender toward before he had been engaged to Milly. Unity like Annie is blunt and forward and flirts with Tony, she repeats his name in a tender chide to flatter him. Unity takes control of him by asking him by asking him if she is prettier than she? When Tony speaks to Milly, she repeats you, which emphasises that Tony had requested her presence; she suggests that she had been keeping a promise like any reliable person would do. Milly fits in with the Victorian view of women in that she is subservient. She expects men to make decisions and makes little complaint about Tonys flirtation with Unity and Hannah but her grief at Tonys deceit is shown when she lets out a long moan. It is significant that she is metaphorically compared to a mouse when she emits an angry, spiteful squeak. Milly unlike Annie is weak. She respects his name to make him feel big and important. She greets him with My dear Tony, which shows that she feels graced by his presence. Certainly dearest Tony, she emphasises agreeing to all his suggestions and comments. This shows that Milly is humbled to do whatever Tony wants her to do. For Annie, John Thomas represents power, danger and excitement, like the fairground rides, but like the rides, he is an artificial wartime substitute- showy on the outside but lacking substance. Lawrence warns the reader that their relationship is doomed as he has been involved in scandal. He is always walking ou t with new girls who quit the service frequently when he leaves them. The reader gets the impression that Annie will get the same treatment. Lawrence writes that there was a sad decline in brilliance and luxury; the coconut shies were artificial wartime substitutes which is a warning of the decline and artificial nature of the couples relationship. Nouns like Dragons and the adjective grim-toothed suggest the excitement and fascination John Thomas has for Annie. The electrical metaphor shows the power and force pulling them apart and like electricity, which is quick like their relationship. The dark, damp and drizzly fields show that their relationship is dark and dying which is emphasised by the alliteration. The repetition of after-all suggests that Annie is making excuses for being with John Thomas. She is attracted to him having held him at arms length in the past knowing his character. D H Lawrence repeats after-all to emphasise the fact that deep down Annie knows that she should not succumb to John Thomas and show her struggle with feeling. Her helplessness and vulnerability is highlighted as she makes justifications for her behaviour. In Millys relationship with Tony Kytes, neither is in control, others make their decisions for them. Tony Kytes father wants him to marry Milly, so he initially he decides against her, then Hannah and Unitys rejection pushes Tony Kytes into marriage with Milly. Milly is a traditional Victorian girl, which means that she is very loyal and will do whatever Tony wants her to because she reflects values of the Victorian era. At the end of the story, Tony loses control of the cart, which is a metaphor for him, losing control of the three women he was controlling earlier. Annie believes that she can control John Thomas as she prided herself that he could not leave her. The possessive female was aroused in Annie and she wanted to take an intelligent interest in him. John Thomas is in control and so he left her. The short sentence conveys the finality and brutality of the break-up. She is startled, staggered and uncertain and feels fury, indignation, desolation, misery and a spasm of despair, while John Thomas is like an animal, enjoying pastures new. She missed the warm glow she felt inside whenever she was near him. She exacts revenge because he steps on her car impudently, letting her see by the moment of his that the had gone away to somebody else. D H Lawrence uses the repetition of then to show the stages in Annies grief. It breaks down the paragraph like punctuation and it gives her emotions and reactions a monotonous feel. It gives you the impression that Annie has gone through various stages in her feelings almost like a tidal wave. Annie exacts her revenge on John Thomas by organising the other girls to attack John Thomas. Annies movement is metaphorically described as a cat. The girls are in control, but see their action as fun whereas John Thomas sees red and he butted through the girls and wrenched at the door. He is violent but also afraid. The girls brutality and savagery is conveyed as they act like animals, wild creatures. They rain blows in a wild frenzy and mad terror and strike him with wild blows. John Thomas is at the mercy of the captor and is like a defeated animal while the girls metaphorically gain control. The animal imagery vividly conveys the womens anger, pain and frustration. Lawrence writes outside was the darkness and lawlessness of wartime which is comparing the cosy interior of the waiting room to the lawlessness of the womens behaviour. It is an ironic metaphor to trick the reader into thinking it is pleasant in the room until the violence breaks out. In Tony Kytes, Hardy does not concentrate unlike Lawrence. John Thomas gives into pressure and chooses Annie but with malice. She refuses to have him but with bitter hopelessness as if she would have liked to have had him under different circumstances. But in the end nobody wants him. In Tony Kytes, Tony gives into pressure when they talk to him on the cart. Both Unity and Hannah flirt with him and put him under pressure to choose one of them instead of Milly. He persuades then to get under the tarpaulin by saying hell reconsider his decision to marry Milly, Ill put a loving question to you instead of Milly. The anger of the girls is directed at each other because they are jealous of Tonys interest in each other. Tony gives in to pressure from the girls but seems content to have Milly in the end, although she is not his original choice. Tickets, Please is written in the third person. It is objective and formal and it creates distance between the writer and the reader. It evokes the seriousness of the tale and sets a dark scene starting with a long descriptive opening paragraph. The reader feels as if something bad might happen to Annie after keeping John Thomas at arms length when she finally gives in to him. It contains a serious message about relationships and what men and women are capable of doing to each other. In Tony Kytes there is little description: it is told in the first person narrative, as a fictional character reminisces about events in the story. Its written in an informal style as much of the tale unfolds through dialogue. The characters are humorous and their actions are more like something you might read in a fairy tale. The introduction is conversational and informal which suggests the light-hearted nature of the story. The narrator does not place a lot of emphasis on the tale. He is slightly scornful of the women and their ridiculous behaviour. The landscape in Tickets, Please hints at different traits of the characters and is symbolic of Annie and John Thomas relationship. Tony Kytes is timid and meek, with his idyllic and romanticised notions. The title Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver is ironic because hes not really an arch-deceiver. Hes just weak and pathetic which is shown in his indecisive behaviour. It mocks Tony because his deceit finally rebounds on him. The title Tickets, Please refers to the girls job on the tramcars, but also suggests that the story is about them. Both stories are written by men, which makes the women portrayed to be the mens ideal. It is significant that at the end of the stories the women want the men in spite of their treatment, which suggests that ultimately the men are the winners. In Tony Kytes, the girls seem frivolous, they dont seem like real people with emotions, unlike Tickets, Please, where the girls emotions seem real, like many women, Annie prided herself that he could not leave her. Words of the period have been used but the writers to make the stories feel more authentic. The dialect used is relative to both stories in the way it is written. Words such as twas, ee and baddish are used to give flavour of the period and reflect the West Country mode of speech. In Tickets, Please the words like hussies and lasses suggests the working class environment of the countryside. Lawrence gives the impression that women are on the same as footing as men. They are capable of deciding what they want and how they get it, even if in the end theyre dissatisfied at the outcome. Hardy gives the impression that women want to get married and that marriage is not about love, but about whom the man would like to marry. In conclusion, human nature is very powerful and the plots make the reader reflect on the human experience.

Basils Changes As Related To Wildes Opinion On A Essays

Basil's Changes As Related To Wilde's Opinion On A Essays Basil's Changes As Related To Wilde's Opinion On Art A Picture of Dorian Gray Basil's Changes As Related To Wilde's Opinion On Art Oscar Wilde, author of The Picture of Dorian Gray, makes Basil's life change drastically by having him paint a portrait of Dorian Gray and express too much of himself in it, which, in Wilde's mind, is a troublesome obstacle to circumvent. Wilde believes that the artist should not portray any of himself in his work, so when Basil does this, it is he who creates his own downfall, not Dorian. Wilde introduces Basil to Dorian when Basil begins to notice Dorian staring at him at a party. Basil "suddenly became conscious that someone was looking at [him]. [He] turned halfway around and saw Dorian Gray for the first time" (Wilde 24). Basil immediately notices him, however Basil is afraid to talk to him. His reason for this is that he does "not want any external influence in [his] life" (Wilde 24). This is almost a paradox in that it is eventually his own internal influence that destroys him. Wilde does this many times throughout the book. He loved using paradoxes and that is why Lord Henry, the character most similar to Wilde, is quoted as being called "Price Paradox." Although Dorian and Basil end up hating each other, they do enjoy meeting each other for the first time. Basil finds something different about Dorian. He sees him in a different way than he sees other men. Dorian is not only beautiful to Basil, but he is also gentle and kind. This is when Basil falls in love with him and begins to paint the picture. Basil begins painting the picture, but does not tell anyone about it, including Dorian, because he knows that there is too much of himself in it. Lord Henry discovers the painting and asks Basil why he will not display it. Lord Henry thinks that it is so beautiful it should be displayed in a museum. Basil argues that the reason he will not display the painting is because he is "afraid that [he] has shown in it the secret of his soul" (Wilde 23). This is another paradox because he has not only shown the secret of his soul, but the painting eventually comes to show the secret of Dorian's soul also. In the preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde explains that "to reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim" (Wilde 17). Basil realizes that he has not concealed himself in the painting and therefore feels the painting is not worth anything. After Lord Henry sees the painting, he asks to meet Dorian. Basil says that would not be good because his "influence would be bad" (Wilde 31). Basil is correct in saying this because Lord Henry is the main person who helps Dorian to destroy himself. Lord Henry disregards Basil's request and meets Dorian anyway. This is the beginning of the end for both Dorian and Basil because Lord Henry's influence pollutes Dorian. Lord Henry taunts Dorian and continues to remind him of all the sin that is building up and that even though his body is not aging, his soul is deteriorating fast. When Basil notices that Dorian has not changed physically in many years, he is curious to know how Dorian stayed beautiful, but also wants to know why Dorian has changed so much emotionally. Basil does not have the painting on display, but rather keeps it in the attic. When Dorian comes over one day, he and Basil are talking when Basil asks, "I wonder do I know you? Before I could answer that, I should have to see your soul." (Wilde 216) Dorian goes into a rage and takes Basil upstairs to see his soul which is concealed in the painting. When Basil sees the painting which is bloody and atrocious looking, he cannot believe that he painted it. Dorian reassures him that it is indeed Basil's painting. In that painting is all of Dorian's hate, fear, and sadness reduced onto a canvass. When Dorian sees the picture, he blames Basil for it and picks up a knife laying on a nearby table and stabs Basil. He then takes the knife and stabs the painting in the heart, killing his soul, and returning the painting to its original form. Wilde constructs this in an interesting way because after Dorian stabs the picture, which is a representation of his soul, Wilde shows Dorian laying on the ground, wrinkled and disgusting, with a knife in his heart. Wilde did this to show that when Dorian stabbed the painting, he was actually stabbing himself. Oscar Wilde first portrays Dorian Gray as a sweet, sensitive man whom everyone admires.

Flowering Dogwood Care and Identification

Flowering Dogwood Care and Identification Flowering Dogwood grows 20 to 35 feet tall and spreads 25 to 30 feet. It can be trained with one central trunk or as a multi-trunked tree. The flowers consist of four bracts below the small head of yellow flowers. The bracts may be pink or red depending on cultivar but the species color is white. Fall leaf color on most sun grown plants will be red to maroon. The bright red fruits are often eaten by birds. Fall leaf color of Dogwood is more vivid in USDA hardiness zones: 5 through 8A. Specifics: Scientific name: Cornus floridaPronunciation: KOR-nus FLOR-ih-duhCommon name(s): Flowering DogwoodFamily: CornaceaeUSDA hardiness zones:: 5 through 9AOrigin: Native to North AmericaUses: Wide tree lawns; medium-sized tree lawns; near a deck or patio; screen; shade tree; narrow tree lawns; specimenAvailability: Generally available in many areas within its hardiness range. Popular Cultivars: Several of the cultivars listed are not readily available. Pink-flowering cultivars grow poorly in USDA hardiness zones 8 and 9. ‘Apple Blossom’ - pink bracts; ‘Cherokee Chief’ - red bracts; ‘Cherokee Princess’ - white bracts; ‘Cloud 9’ - white bracts, flowers young; ‘Fastigiata’ - upright growth while young, spreading with age; ‘First Lady’ - leaves variegated with yellow turning red and maroon in the fall; ‘Gigantea’ - bracts six inches from tip of one bract to tip of opposite bract. More Cultivars: Magnifica - bracts rounded, four-inch-diameter pairs of bracts; Multibracteata - double flowers; New Hampshire - flower buds cold hardy; Pendula - weeping or drooping branches; Plena - double flowers; var. rubra - pink bracts; Springtime - bracts white, large, blooms at an early age; Sunset - supposedly resistant to anthracnose; Sweetwater Red - bracts red; Weavers White - large white flowers, adapted to the south; Welchii - leaves variegated with yellow and red. Description: Height: 20 to 30 feetSpread: 25 to 30 feetCrown uniformity: Symmetrical canopy with a regular (or smooth) outline, and individuals have more or less identical crown formsCrown shape: roundCrown density: moderate Trunk and Branches: Trunk/bark/branches: Droop as the tree grows, and will require pruning for vehicular or pedestrian clearance beneath the canopy; routinely grown with, or trainable to be grown with, multiple trunks; not particularly showy; tree wants to grow with several trunks but can be trained to grow with a single trunk.Pruning requirement: Needs little pruning to develop a strong structureBreakage: resistantCurrent year twig color: greenCurrent year twig thickness: medium Foliage: Leaf arrangement: opposite/suboppositeLeaf type: simpleLeaf margin: entireLeaf shape: ovateLeaf venation: bowed; pinnateLeaf type and persistence: deciduousLeaf blade length: 4 to 8 inches; 2 to 4 inchesLeaf color: greenFall color: redFall characteristic: showy Flowers: Flower color: Bracts are white, actual flower is yellowFlower characteristics: Spring flowering; very showyThe showy flowers are, in fact, bracts that subtend a boss of 20 to 30 real flowers each of which are less than one-quarter inch in size. The actual flowers of Cornus florida are not white. Culture: Light requirement: Tree grows in part shade/part sun; tree grows in the shade; tree grows in full sunSoil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; slightly alkaline; acidic; well-drained.Drought tolerance: moderateAerosol salt tolerance: lowSoil salt tolerance: poor In Depth: Dogwood branches on the lower half of the crown grow horizontally, those in the upper half are more upright. In time, this can lend a strikingly horizontal impact to the landscape, particularly if some branches are thinned to open up the crown. Lower branches left on the trunk will droop to the ground, creating a wonderful landscape feature. Dogwood is not suited for parking lot planting but can be grown in a wide street median, if provided with less than full-day sun and irrigation. Dogwood is a standard tree in many gardens where it is used by the patio for light shade, in the shrub border to add spring and fall color or as a specimen in the lawn or groundcover bed. It can be grown in sun or shade but shaded trees will be less dense, grow more quickly and taller, have poor fall color, and less flowers. Trees prefer part shade (preferably in the afternoon) in the southern end of its range. Many nurseries grow the trees in full sun, but they are irrigated regularly. Flowering Dogwood prefers a deep, rich, well-drained, sandy or clay soil and has a moderately long life. It is not recommended in the New Orleans area and other heavy, wet soils unless it is grown on a raised bed to keep roots on the dry side. The roots will rot in soils without adequate drainage.

Frequent Manual Repositioning and Incidence of Pressure Ulcers Essay

Frequent Manual Repositioning and Incidence of Pressure Ulcers - Essay Example Longer hospital stays and costs, as well as the substantial pain and suffering on the part of the patient, can be reduced if the focus will be given to preventing pressure ulcers. Frantz, Tang & Titler (2004) stated in their article that the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) conducted a literature review in the summer of 1990 and found out that the incidence of pressure ulcers range from 2.7%to 29.5%, 9% of it occur in general population while 66% occur in high risk populations.Based on the results of the statistics, the population at relative high risks for pressure ulcers are more likely to have more incidences of the case.Thus, bedbound patients are at high risks for developing pressure ulcers. Learning the susceptibility of a population to develop pressure ulcers, a number of preventive measures including international and clinical guidelines for pressure ulcer prevention have been recommended; among of which include frequent repositioning of patients with limited mobility. Although repositioning is an accepted and a standard guideline for pressure ulcer prevention, there are limited evidence and studies that would support the effectiveness of repositioning in reducing the incidences of pressure ulcers (Rich et al., 2011, 11). In addition, studies suggest that repositioning should depend on the level of tissue injury or stages of pressure ulcers. Therefore, before accepting repositioning as a standard practice at a national level, guidelines about the appropriate assessment tool to use and the correct number and duration of turns in repositioning must be well-established to render effective and cost-reducing prevention as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services no longer reimburses hospitals for treatment of hospital-acquired stage 3 and 4 pressure ulcers due to the reason that pressure ulcer can be prevented by using the current evidence-based practice guidelines (Cox, 2011, 365). Early studies about preventing pressure ulcers throug h repositioning correlate to the number of movements of elderly at night. Hampton (2009) stated that an elderly make 20-40 full turns with small position changes every 5–10 minutes at night (p. 65). This should be a number of movements an elderly should do in order to prevent pressure ulcers; however, the number of turns is not applicable to bedbound patients as it only applies to healthy adults. Then on, subsequent studies focus on the duration of pressure as the most important indicator of pressure ulcer susceptibility until repositioning every two hours develop and become a ritual practice. Repositioning the patient regularly is proven to reduce the incidences of pressure ulcer, however, turning every two hours can increase the risk of shearing and friction leading to damaged tissues (Hampton, 2009, 65). Thus, turning every two hours could not be effective in preventing pressure ulcer because increased friction is also a contributing factor for pressure ulcer development.à ‚  

Course work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Course work - Coursework Example se; the answer of this synchronous communication is that the answer of the interviewer is more spontaneous, without an extended reflection (Pistone, Riccomagno & Wynn 2001, 78). Face to face interview can also be recorder if the interviewees give permission, making it more accurate than writing notes. It also enhances interviewer ambience; making use of a standardization of the situation. The use of questionnaire ensures there are already formulated questions that require responses, thus reducing time wastages during the interview. These formulated questions are quiet clear of the type of response that is required. A part from questionnaire being practical, large amount of data collected within a short duration of time make this method relatively cost efficient. It can also be carried out by any one with limited research analysis knowledge. On the disadvantage part, with the use of questionnaire it is not possible to determine the level of truthiness of the information they give and how much the respondent thought has put (Spurr & Bonini 1973, 156). In some cases, the respondent may miss interpret the question thereby, giving irrelevant response. b.) Standard deviation is the inverse of precision. A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to their arithmetic mean whereas high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over large range of values (Barra & Herbach 1980, 45). Standard deviation of company A tends to cluster around the mean as opposed to the standard deviation of company B; hence larger standard deviation implies lower precision. In most countries, more than 50% of urban population have access to these social amenities; generally, there seem to be more access to the amenities in urban compared to rural apart from Gambia where the reverse is justified but by marginal difference. c.) The development agency should target the rural area part of West Africa. This is due to the fact that almost

English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

English Language - Essay Example Time zero is now, when Osama bin Laden, the international terrorist and top leader of the terror organization al Qaeda, has been killed by an elite US Navy special action force, the Zeal. The abstract is a summary of the entire article, which can be summarized here in a few words – that Omar bin Laden accuses the United States government of violating international law in killing their father. The first sentence, including the title, is full of meaning, that assuming that we do not know the man bin Laden, we can understand that violence was used against violence, that bin Laden was a violent man and that the US government stopped him by killing him. This was followed by S2 which affirms that the man who was killed was an unarmed terrorist leader who was summarily executed by the US government. However, we can also assume that the writer of the essay, which appeared in an online periodical, The Los Angeles Times, assumes in his abstract, that indeed the reader of this article kn ows Osama bin Laden, the top al Qaeda leader, the mastermind of the bombing of the twin towers of the World Trade Center, in which thousands were killed. The time expression in the story about Omar’s accusation provides a brief explanation of the events that transpired before that fateful day of May 2, 2011. First in S2, there is the statement and reaction of the bin Laden family. Omar’s sentiments clearly showed the immediate past – that he was communicating with his father. The ‘recency’ includes his (and his family’s) doubts over the statement from President Obama that they had killed bin Laden. Although, there is less doubt over the statements of the US government (another assumption), this news story has many underlying stories and sub-stories. We can still follow Bell’s framework on the role of the abstract in this subject of news English. The abstract is the introduction, or it introduces into the main theme or point of the stor y. The main point or idea of the story is that Omar is complaining and accusing that if indeed President Obama was correct in announcing to the world that they have killed bin Laden, the US government committed an illegal act in doing so. Bell says that double abstracts are common in news English, and this was ‘committed’ in this article – there is an accusation of the illegal act and the fact that Omar’s father may already be dead. There is a second presumption that the US President could have lied in saying that the al Qaeda leader is dead. The presumption is that it could be that Obama was lying, implying that he was using psychological warfare against the members of al Qaeda. It was probably to demoralize the members of the organization, and the United States was winning against the war on terror. The abstract in Bell’s framework also tells that is also linked by time expression, which portrays a cause-and-effect, i.e. Omar bin Laden is accusing the United States after they have killed his father. But there is another presumption, which is if Obama was telling the truth. The headline according to Bell’s framework is an abstract of the abstract, which is just a last-minute insertion by an editor. The ‘real’ abstract is the first sentence by Andrew Malcolm, the author. The attention of the reader is caught by the first abstract, the title, although we are sure, Malcolm’

The Possible Product and Service of Zappos com Case Study

The Possible Product and Service of Zappos com - Case Study Example It is essential to determine that such a strategy in any way contributed to the success in shoes or whether it would be able to replicate the success in other product lines. It is also fundamental to determine how the company could scale the business with revenues of tens of billions. Moreover, the major effort of the company was to â€Å"wow† its customers by providing with maximum customer satisfaction. The market faced a hard situation as the economic scenario varied dramatically in late 2008, together with financial market collapsing and recession. Unlike the other many websites selling at the lower price during the period, the service-intensive company’s business was based on sales at the little discount or no discount. Evaluating the competencies o the organization would enable us to understand the chain issues and other critical elements to company’s success. Zappos always strives to foster a culture that understands the impact of working capital on the profitability of the firm. The process of decision making and the daily activities of the firm must be carried out on the basis of working capital management analysis. The company manages the decision making through a cross-functional communication system. The decision making is used to drive and maximize the working capital performance of the firm. Zappos.com also has already developed a training program to impart working capital management principles into practice. The management team utilizes the decision-making process to integrate capital management into the fabric of organizational culture. In the same way, the process of decision making in the routine activities reveals the glowing significance of cash management. It helps the management in all forms of risk management within the firm. The organization takes record of the important decision and measures taken by the management team.  

The Role of Power and Politics in Organizations Assignment

The Role of Power and Politics in Organizations - Assignment Example The company that I am going to focus on is called Procter&Gamble. This company was set up a bit more than 180 years ago. The company operates in more than 190 countries and it is planning to expand its performance. Being such a giant in the world of washing powders and cosmetic utilities, the company should meet certain high requirements both in the public and inner policy of the company. The purpose of the company sounds as â€Å"to provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumers, now and for generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders and the communities in which we live and work to prosper† (http://www.pg.com). Having a purpose signifies about the planned strategy and policy of the company. Moreover, the company has the clearly-stated vision and strategy. The feedback from the customers is greatly a ppreciated since it adds to the improvement of the company. P&G claims it is striving for the life quality improvement but not for its income. The company has worked out the program of introducing environmentally friendly products. The policy of the company is based on the rule â€Å"to create the prosperous company from within it†. It implies the profound staff and management policy. The general goal of the company is to improve the life of every customer and to make him/her loyal to the company. The major elements of any organizational culture, such as purpose, values and goals, originate with the company formation and they are maintained and are to be transferred to the next generations. The growth strategy that the company of P&G sticks to means attracting new customers every day and making their life more meaningful. â€Å"Our Values reflect the behaviors that shape the tone of how we work with each other and with our partners†( P&G Must Proceed With Caution). Pro cter&Gamble has many principles that it demands from its staff and management. First of all it takes care about respect to each individual -no matter weather it is a customer, a manager or a potential buyer. The organization is indivisible from the people working for the organization and those people who keep it on float. The customers’ needs and demands are the top priority for the organization. The whole functioning of the company is strategically planned and worked out. Certainly, there are some cases, when a company has to act spontaneously in certain circumstances, but in general in has the plan of its development, operation and marketing. The next principle that is of great importance for any company is the one about innovations. Bringing in innovations is the main engine of the company’s development. Innovations are accepted both in the sphere of the product quality and in the sphere of advertising ad merchandising. The next point deals with competition – the company wants to be the best in its field. The only way to win the competition is to gain the customers’ loyalty and work on constant improvement of the company’s performance. Moreover, the company is focused not internally but externally. It means that the feedback with the customers is the dominant element for it. It cannot be said that the managerial system, and corporate culture is ignored - it is just not as important as knowing

The Contemporary Hospitality Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The Contemporary Hospitality Industry - Essay Example The diversification within the industry ranges from one-person operations to multinational mega-corporations. In just the accommodations area alone, the offerings within the UK range from small mom-and-pop bed and breakfast operations to huge five-star hotels. The bed and breakfast operations are generally carried on by citizens wishing to keep historical homes in good repair, so they offer, patients during the season to supplement their income. These operations are generally quite comfortable and offer a full English breakfast. They are extremely popular for two reasons: the cost is lower and the service is more personal and offers the opportunity to get to know some local people. The price range of bed-and-breakfast within the UK starts at a low of around 7 pounds per night per person to a rather high 75 pounds per night per room. This last is rather palatial, while the first is generally offered in the lower-cost areas, such as Wales. Due to their popularity, some commercial B & B operations have opened in recent years. Other accommodations range from smaller hotels to very large establi shments, which offer a huge range of services. (William Reed Ltd 2007 )The price range here starts at around 35 pounds per night per person to a high of several thousand pounds per night per suite. Quite a few of these still offer the customary English breakfast, but economics are causing many establishments to phase this out. The second-largest sector of the UK hospitality industry is food. While the UK is not exactly famous for its cuisine, the variety of food service is really quite grand. This ranges from street vendors and tiny one-person quick service places to small chippies, take-aways, fast food chains in local restaurants, too small and large pubs, teahouses and cafeterias, and finally to grand restaurants in scenic locations and large five-star hotels. Good solid food, such as that found in most pubs, is

The Role of Power and Politics in Organizations Assignment

The Role of Power and Politics in Organizations - Assignment Example The company that I am going to focus on is called Procter&Gamble. This company was set up a bit more than 180 years ago. The company operates in more than 190 countries and it is planning to expand its performance. Being such a giant in the world of washing powders and cosmetic utilities, the company should meet certain high requirements both in the public and inner policy of the company. The purpose of the company sounds as â€Å"to provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumers, now and for generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders and the communities in which we live and work to prosper† (http://www.pg.com). Having a purpose signifies about the planned strategy and policy of the company. Moreover, the company has the clearly-stated vision and strategy. The feedback from the customers is greatly a ppreciated since it adds to the improvement of the company. P&G claims it is striving for the life quality improvement but not for its income. The company has worked out the program of introducing environmentally friendly products. The policy of the company is based on the rule â€Å"to create the prosperous company from within it†. It implies the profound staff and management policy. The general goal of the company is to improve the life of every customer and to make him/her loyal to the company. The major elements of any organizational culture, such as purpose, values and goals, originate with the company formation and they are maintained and are to be transferred to the next generations. The growth strategy that the company of P&G sticks to means attracting new customers every day and making their life more meaningful. â€Å"Our Values reflect the behaviors that shape the tone of how we work with each other and with our partners†( P&G Must Proceed With Caution). Pro cter&Gamble has many principles that it demands from its staff and management. First of all it takes care about respect to each individual -no matter weather it is a customer, a manager or a potential buyer. The organization is indivisible from the people working for the organization and those people who keep it on float. The customers’ needs and demands are the top priority for the organization. The whole functioning of the company is strategically planned and worked out. Certainly, there are some cases, when a company has to act spontaneously in certain circumstances, but in general in has the plan of its development, operation and marketing. The next principle that is of great importance for any company is the one about innovations. Bringing in innovations is the main engine of the company’s development. Innovations are accepted both in the sphere of the product quality and in the sphere of advertising ad merchandising. The next point deals with competition – the company wants to be the best in its field. The only way to win the competition is to gain the customers’ loyalty and work on constant improvement of the company’s performance. Moreover, the company is focused not internally but externally. It means that the feedback with the customers is the dominant element for it. It cannot be said that the managerial system, and corporate culture is ignored - it is just not as important as knowing

Violence - video game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Violence - video game - Essay Example According to Anderson (n.p.), ‘the active role required by video games is a double-edged sword.’ This indicates that while some term video gaming as a quick avenue to increased violence in society, it remains the effective teaching tool in schools and society. Technological advancements have made it possible for learning institutions to use both violent and non-violent video games to pass around useful information that moulds learners into better, creative and active people in society (McLean & Griffiths 121). While parents show aggressive resistance by denying their children access to violent video games, they must understand that the number of children who love video gaming is higher than that of adults. Reports from the Entertainment Software Association affirm that provide children are exposed healthy learning challenges when they play violent video games. Through them, they are in a position to understand and apply rules effectively in real life. In addition, learne rs can best understand real world issues revolving around war, sexual abuse, death, and mechanisms to deal with trauma that comes after such events. Psychologists’ assumption is that violent video games modify human behavior because people tend to adopt skills and act according to what they see and hear. While the assumption is a true material fact, video games only cause health complication for instance depression. Continuous playing deprives human beings a chance to interact and build social networks. However, when people play video games together, they get ample time to interact and socialize. Violent video games can be scary especially to children because of the actions, challenges, and difficulty to win. However, it provides good mechanisms of helping them overcome fear and anxiety. With time, they understand and control their emotions of fear and anxiety. Harvard researchers Lawrence Kutner and Cheryl Olson argued that, ‘playing

Benefits Of Urban Regeneration

Benefits Of Urban Regeneration Urban decay, usually associated with deprived areas, tends tend to be a characteristic of poorer communes, reflecting their low earning power and susceptibility to the higher unemployment rates associated with changes in the structure of the national economy (Skifter Andersen, 2003). The a feeling that buildings are physically falling into a state of decay particularly in some areas more than others, often results in an excrescence of dilapidated and vacant buildings. By remaining vacant, buildings are generally targeted for commercial signage and vandalism unless subjected to a population change or economic restructuring (McGregor and McConnachie, 1995; Skifter Andersen, 2003). The redevelopment of decaying, run-down or underused parts of urban areas with the intention of bringing new life and economic vitality is crucial in maintaining a market position (Bolton Council, 2009). Redeveloping these structural units, however, may not be an easy task, as a set physical as well as casual mechanisms likely to be different in every area, are also accentuating the problem of urban decay. According to Skifter Andersen (2003), one of the major causes of urban decay is the decline of the local economy. The changes in the structure of the national and international economy can directly or indirectly influence the local economy as outlined in Haggetts Cumulative Decline Model (2001). Certain government intervention and planning policies with regard to the industry and alterations in the locational preferences of the industries to better equipped sites are also assumed to be among the primary causes of decline by increasing the gap between the core and periphery. Similarly, the population age structure in most Western countries is changing with an increasing number of elderly dominating the demographic chart (Commission on Growth and Development, 2008). This disinclinati on of the population is likely to remain in the highly urbanised areas resulting in a number of blight properties that are likely to fall into a state of disrepair if structural investment keeps lacking. Perhaps, following Myrdals Cumulative Causation theory (1972) might help inject vigour into the local economy from the institutional set-up (Fujita, 2004). Nonetheless, this process of urban renewal, through which environmental quality redevelopments occur in derelict urban areas, is highly contested. This chapter reviews selected literature that concerns the effects of regeneration in the urban core of a settlement with regard to the value enhancement and positive externality of building refurbishment while considering the social and economic implications. Urban Regeneration Urban regeneration most likely to take the form of public policy in order to regulate urban processes, attempts to improve the urban environment through renewal (Couch et al., 2003). Although seeming fairly simple and straightforward, Home (1982) describes the concept of urban regeneration as involving complex socio-economic, environmental and political issues, with no profession or academic disciple claiming control over it. Roberts (in Roberts and Sykes, 2000) defines urban regeneration as a vision which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring lasting socio-economic, physical and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change. Broadly defined as a process that prevents the urban fabric from starting or continuing to deteriorate by improving the urban fabric, urban regeneration is fundamental to the structure plans established by the Malta Environmental and Planning Authority in 1998 and 2006. According to the Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC, 2004) of the Mediterranean countries, the aim of urban regeneration projects as a solution to this phenomenon in developed is to promote: return to the city, revitalise the city centre, restore activity in a fiercely competitive international context, and implement initiatives to improve the quality of the environment operating in a wide sense towards a smart growth. Such systemised and planned action concerning certain parts of a town would mean injecting new vigour into an area. Skifter Andersen (2003) argues urban regeneration would transform, strengthen and recreate places to act as a catalyst for further investments for the benefit of the local community. By concentrating public resources and private investments on specifically designated area may turn an area to a great appeal (Adair et al., 2000). However, urban regeneration is not only concentrated around property-led and retail-led regeneration but also through cultural regeneration to transform the city as a form of urban recreation (Evans, 2001). According to Evans (2001), arts and cultural industries can distinguish themselves by restoring identities and economies with other lifestyles. Whilst Calxton and Siora (2008) recognise the retail sector as offering opportunities and employing a wide range of different socio-economic groups, they argue that retail-led regeneration appears to provide a key reconnection to economic opportunity by engaging in direct employment and additional investment for a community and its residents. Furthermore, Claxton and Siora (2008) sustain that the most successful developments are those supported by the local authorities where planning or economic development departments work together. On the other hand, Rubin and Taylor (2008) question the enormous institutional corporate power of certain chain stores that might have some influence on the planning system and in regeneration projects. According to them, the benefits from such regeneration are overstated as this type of regeneration creates an inverse system that extorts money out of the local economy resulting in serious consequences for small local businesses. Pitkin (1963) sustains that as an important trait within various Mediterranean communities is the urban ethos, the city is depicted as a place of cultural richness, civilisation and civic pride (Leontidou, 2000). Strengthening this argument, Florida (2003) suggested that as social ethos is becoming increasingly dominant in most entrepreneurial and growing regions, it is attracting creative people to the city and accentuating the processes of gentrification. Additionally, Ley (2003) also accentuates the importance of cultural and lifestyle of the middle class, who value the preservation of the historic core and the utilisation of exceptional commodities. Bailey et al. (2004) suggests that culture-led regeneration has only been effective when associated with commercialised identities, thus stressing the need for economic investments and retail establishments. Hiller (2000) suggests that for waterfront regeneration with transformation of the urban environment with luxurious residences a nd gentrified neighbourhoods must be create jobs through a number of office towers as well as shopping centres, included in most projects. As cities are never still, Lancaster (1995) had previously argued that they are places where people strive to overcome negative effects and create hope in the place that history has located them. According to Dunn (1998), the consumer culture might therefore encourage residents to disattach themselves from their particular area and associate themselves to the new global culture irrelevant of the location. Bailey et al. (2004), disagrees and argues that cultural forms of consumption can actively enhance and enliven local communities. Bailey et al. (2004) goes further by suggesting that it is the people who live in the city themselves have to engage in regenerating the city rather than the planning policies. Kantor et al. (1997), stresses the significance of local urban democratic conditions in creating inclusive governing that can influence the local communitys ability to participate and have a reach in the business. Gentrification As defined by Kennedy and Leonard (2001), gentrification involves the processes of reinvestment and revitalisation to enhance the physical and socio-economic components of cities. In this relationship, higher income households settle in that settle in the area, upgrade the physical and socio-economic component of lower income residences. Smith (1987b, p.463), specifically stated that the crucial point with regard to gentrification is that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it involves not only a social change but also, at the neighbourhood scale, a physical change in the housing stock and an economic change in the land and housing market. It is this combination of social, physical, and economic change that distinguishes gentrification as an identifiable process/set of processes. Furthermore, Wyly and Hammel (1999, p.716) add that the process of gentrification complements: class transformation of those parts of the city that suffered from systematic outmigration, disinvestment and neglect, or neglect in the midst of rapid economic growth and suburbanisation. Badcock (2001), argues that today the process of gentrification and restructuring have become so interrelated together that they have formed the broader transformation known as revitalisation. Furthermore, households of median and higher incomes generally value the preservation of the historic core and contribute to raising the areas ethos (Ley, 2003). Therefore, employment in the tertiary, quaternary and quinary sectors of production, usually associated with having a university degree, is a key indicator of gentrification according to Ley (2003). In other words, the post-modern lifestyles of consumption are the solution towards revitalisation of a location through the processes of gentrification. Consequently, the process of gentrification can be said to be the outcome of the range of responses to the new economic and social opportunities that arise from prior dispositions of the social classes (Bridge 2001). On the other hand, Smith and Williams (1986) were particularly concerned with displacement and the side effects the middle class is having on the lower working class through the processes of gentrification. Although the extent of the problem is not agreed upon, Sumka (1979) argues that displacement of the working class through rent increases was undoubtedly a major issue. More recently, Blomley (2004) outlines that the social mix the processes of gentrification bring with them tend to expose the working classes to several equalities in the social hierarchy as interaction between the owners and tenants in gentrified neighbourhoods seems to be limited. Slater (2006) argues that this process can lead to social segregation and isolation when trying to revitalise a neighbourhood. Yet, according to Sigworth and Wilkinson (1967) the beneficial effects to the community through gentrification outweigh the issues of social segregation which can be resolved through several policies. Ideal Scenario In a society where the absence of building care culture is increasing, prompt maintenance would help make aging buildings less problematic to rehabilitate as it is often the case that such buildings are found in a state of disrepair with various safety problems. Throughout the 1970s, many of the European countries had already started emphasise the gradual renewal process of rehabilitation rather than focusing on the massive redevelopments simultaneously (Wood, 1991). Thomas (1977), suggested that making way for redevelopment would give an opportunity to replace any substandard buildings, any clashes with regard to the land-use, as well as any environmental nuisance. Although in essence the process of redevelopment causes a lot of inconvenience as it dislocates people (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004), redevelopment can help utilizing the full potential of a site as well as exploiting the beneficial effects to the community such as solving the problems related to social segregation (Sigworth and Wilkinson, 1967). Amongst the main problems that dominate the list for the issue of urban renewal, the lack of institutional planning (Adams and Hastings, 2001) and unfair reimbursements (Kam et al., 2004). This raises the question of whether it would be eloquent to redevelop rather than to rehabilitate certain properties in some areas. It was proposed that the decision making on whether to rehabilitate or redevelop is generally influe nced by six aspects namely; political, legal, technical, institutional, social and economic forces (Walker, 2002). According to Olson et al. (2001) and Hobman and Bordia (2006), the influences of the professional work background on the attitudes towards a renewal project can also make a difference. For instance, building surveyors are said to consider the structural conditions of a particular building as the most vital concepts of consideration in a regeneration process. Conversely, the town planners tend to give more importance to the impacts of the project in the visual quality and micro climate of the neighbourhood rather than the structural conditions of a building (Olson et al., 2001, Hobman and Bordia, 2006). Despite these converging views, it is evident that the implementation of an urban renewal strategy especially when done on a massive scale would include a strong financial input. This would also have to be coupled with adequate public resources, and a determined commitment to solving to the urban dereliction problems while aiming towards increasing the social and economic benefits and fostering entrepreneurial activity (Hamnet, 2000; Skifter Andersen, 2003; Calxton and Siora, 2008). In such circumstances, it is also advisable that there should be improvements to the infrastructure, the transportation system as well as the environment that should all coincide with the renewal development that has the support of all social partners (Adair et al., 2000). Yet, as such conditions rarely occur, policy makers must shape their development plans based upon the constraints they face at the particular moment in time. Williams (2006) suggested that in order to ensure a more successful project, t he ruling authority can also use its powers relating to property development to influence the planning, the infrastructure and the compulsory purchase powers together with the availability of public land assets. When trading land for example, it is not a rare occurrence that one party missing from the market forum and thus the scenario of a compulsory purchase might be required in order for the renewal project not to be brought to a halt because by the private economic forces (Williams, 2006). To redevelop or to rehabilitate? Specifically on property-led redevelopment, Harvey (1992) highlighted that the timing of redevelopment projects depend on three essential issues being; the value of the current existing use of the land resource, the current value of the best of alternative use, and the cost of rebuilding. As the use of property is not irreversible, property has the potential to be redeveloped and converted into another type or usage to suit the expected socio-economic demands at a given time (Gunnerlin, 2001). According to the structure plan issued by the Malta Planning Authority (PA) (1998), there is a need: to use land and buildings efficiently and consequently channel urban development activity into planned developed areas particularly though rehabilitation and upgrading of existing fabric and infrastructure. Notionally, if the present value of the existing use of the land resources is greater than the present value of the best alternative use, redevelopment would not take place since it would not be financially viable, and the rebuilding costs would affect the occurrence of urban renewal. This explains why sometimes redevelopment in the old, urban core is less attractive to the developers (Harvey and Jowsey, 2004). As for the option of rehabilitation, which would mean securing the existing structure, it was concluded that it would only be advantageous when a number of conditions are met (Pugh, 1991). This would mean that the service life of a building would be prolonged by another thirty to fifty years. Furthermore, the value as well as the interest rate of the existing building would also have to be high. Additionally, Pugh (1991) argues that if the direct and indirect costs of rehabilitating are considerably less than those incurred by rebuilding, then the developer would be more tempted to rehabilitate rather than redevelop. Ratcliffe (1993) also estimated that the costs of renovating a building can amount to twenty-five percent less than starting a new building project and thus making it more attractive for developers. Aikivuori (1994) points out that refurbishments may sometimes be required when there is a need for change in the land-use as well as when there is a need to increase or secur e the market value of the building. Additionally, this would also help to preserve the existing building and its externalities that may be important in inducing a culture-led regeneration. Challenges facing the renewal process Housing has long been regarded as a durable commodity (Wieand, 1999), yet, like any other physical commodity, properties are subject to deteriorate as time goes by and eventually fall into a state of dilapidation if they are not properly maintained (Burton 1933). A number of previous studies have highlighted among of the main factors that would make a building deemed for renewal would be the serviceable environment (Sohmer, 1999). Others like Rosenfeld and Shohet (1999) have formed models to determine whether and when a building should be upgraded. This helped to reduce uncertainties and serve as an aid when deciding whether to upgrade or not. Nonetheless, one should not forget that there are always a set of constraints that are likely to slow or halt the process of urban renewal. The multiple ownership of a number of properties is one of them for example (Chun To Cho and Fellows, 2000; Galea Debono, 2009). So are the limitations on the development in the urban village core through the Urban Conservation Area (UCA) which restricts certain types of redevelopment projects. Additionally, it is also likely that there may be disputes in the process of resettling those affected and disagreements on compensation issues which make it more difficult for the private developers to find a compromise with the landowners (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004). Furthermore, it is also often the case that the lack of a central governing body to implement redevelopment and private developers little presumptive power, end up with the developers having fragmented, slow progress (Gordon, 2004). Positive outcomes from urban regeneration Fundamentally, the process of urban regeneration would help to contribute towards the preservation of structures of architectural value and significant historical importance (Jim, 1994). A sustainable regeneration scheme should therefore endeavour to lesson social exclusion, boost economic reintegration as well as salvage architecturally rich buildings and edifices (McGregor and McConnachie, 1995; Skifter Andersen, 2003; Bailey et al.,2004). Otherwise, an urban regeneration project can be a source of conflict and thus it might prove valuable to develop a decision making tool to facilitate the planning process as suggested by Walker (2002) and Ho et al. (2004) in figure 2.1. Figure Project facility making tool (Ho et al., 2004). Eventually, project regeneration proposals can be assessed and alterations can be made in order to achieve a higher rating for the plan which is subject to time, budgetary and other practical constraints (Ho et al., 2004). According to Kocabas, (2000a), evaluating the impact of protection planning would ideally assess outcomes against the physical, social and economic objectives. This should preserve the physical historic environment, the needs of the existing residents during the process of upgrading as well as determining whether the conservation process is economically viable (Kocabas, 2000a). On the other hand, Borja et al. (1997) showed that the socio-spatial outcomes of globalisation on urban areas varied according to the correlation between the technological and economic processes that form the core for this transformation. Whilst it is now widely accepted that no city can escape the reach of global economic and political forces (Sassen, 2000; Taylor and Walker, 2001), it is also clear that cities can upgrade their position in the global hierarchy by their strategic intervention (Clarke and Gaile, 1997). This was the case with Ireland in 1988, for example. With the help of the European Commission, Ireland reflected on the mistakes made through the demolishment of buildings in inner Dublin through the Greater Dublin Area Development Programme secured and managed the preservation of the built historical environment (Pickard, 1994). Essentially, the upgrade or upkeep of neighbourhood externalities is also thought to contribute to the migration and related change in a neighbourhoods economic status for two main reasons. Firstly, certain types of households may behave in ways that generate social capital and affluence for the neighbourhood influencing the demand for that location, thus, the process of gentrification (Ley, 2003). Likewise, certain types of households might also choose to migrate into or out of a neighbourhood based on the demographic and financial characteristics of their prospective neighbours because of the social status, irrespective of how these neighbours may behave (Rosenthal, 2008). In spite of this, it is important to recognise that raising a neighbourhoods economic status does not necessarily alleviate poverty but could simply force the existing low income residents to relocate to other areas of the locality. Jacobs (1961) argued that rather than being suffocated by urban regeneration, soc ial life should be revived, thus, the process of gentrification might not be always seen in a good light especially from those who are less affluent and other deprived sections of society (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004). Therefore, building rehabilitation may garner more support as it causes less social disturbances (Needleman, 1966; DeFilippis, 2007). Achieving success through failure Amongst the good examples of successful waterfront regeneration projects that have managed to generate enough employment opportunities for the locals, Gloucester, Swansea, Cardiff and Liverpool immediately stand out in the United Kingdom (Jones and Gripaios, 2000). In these cases, a number of listed warehouses were refurbished and transformed to provide residential, office, retail, museum, marinas and restaurant facilities. Liverpools Albert Dock, for instance, has been so successful as a heritage site that was previously in a state of decay that it now receives around six million visitors yearly (Jones and Gripaios, 2000). From being a totally abandoned and neglected eyesore, the Albert Dock has now been turned into a visually pleasing environment with the most obvious and tangible manifestations of successful regeneration project in the United Kingdom. Canary Wharf in London is another successful redevelopment that even managed to generate 7,000 jobs for the locals (Daniels and Bob e, 1993). In spite of these successful cases of regeneration, the process of urban renewal still generates a great deal of heated debate especially when faced fierce opposition from the locals that fear that there would no significant improvement in their standard of living such as in the case of Canary Wharf in London. Quite rightly as Jeffrey and Pounder (2000) suggest, the physical improvement of a building is a fundamental element in achieving a successful regeneration project, however Hausner (1993), suggested that on its own it is not sufficient as the development of any project reflects the conditions and requirements of the area in which the project is located from a wider perspective. In addition to this, Moore (2002) sustains that the proactive use of this policy might even improve the local economic development and even create new working places, however, this might only be for a short while. Hemphill et al. (2004) argues that much of the research conducted in the United Kingdom ten ds to be critical as there is a persistent sentiment that urban policy has not really left many of the desired effects on the regenerated area. This had already been thought earlier as even though the inner-city redevelopments generally improve and enhance the degraded built environments, there is criticism that such projects only cater to certain sectors of society and particular locations such as waterfronts and thus these types of projects can fragment cities (Fainstein, 1994; Meyer, 1999; Marshall, 2003). Further criticism concludes that the stated goal of urban design and renewal is often forgotten as the concepts have become merely a marketing tool (Gospodini, 2002). Moreover, it is generally felt that the concept of urban renewal is too vague with the fusion of the traditional architecture, the landscape architecture, and the planning and civil engineering. As a result, urban renewal is said to be focused mainly on the marginal cosmetic aesthetics of the landscape rather than helping to sustain a better standard of living in the area (Inam, 2002). Hubbard (2006) added that the social as well as economic conditions of an area are usually worsened though the regeneration and gentrification policies that are meant to be beneficial. On a wider scale, Newman and Thornley (1996) had previously suggested that in contrast with other cities, the key European cities such as; Paris, Milan, Berlin, Frankfurt and Stockholm are underpinned by the factor of the international competitiveness rathe r than by the notion of urban policy and therefore the residents standard of living has nothing to do concept of urban renewal. Bentley (1999) went even further and argued that apart from the social, economic and environmental limitations, the concept of urban design is often manipulated by developers and public authorities to covertly hijack public space and neglect local conditions and values. Revitalisation projects targeted parts of the cities, such as decayed port areas and other post-industrial sites, for major redevelopments so that the area in effect becomes totally gentrified resulting in a residential area for the more affluent citizens rather than the whole society in general (Bentley,1999). Proprietors awareness and involvement It is evident that one of biggest barriers when it comes to building maintenance is the owners awareness that find it difficult to realise the basic forms of decay and the resulting impact on the building material (Kangwa and Olubodun, 2003). To make matters worse, when action is taken, it is often the case that an inappropriate remediation technique is applied (Leather and Mackintosh, 1994; Forrest et al., 1996). Thus, any effective renewal system must be constructed upon well informed diagnostic skill structures. Chanter and Swallow (1996) and Davidson et al. (1997) have suggested that some of the main awareness problems apart from the variations in perceptions of objects of regular maintenance include the inability to tell whether inferior products or components are used to rehabilitate the building. In addition to this, they also add that the average owner is generally unable to determine the quality of work done by the traders and cannot judge accurately the extent of skill requ ired for a particular work. In the end they argue that the absence of a referral system within the local housing communities which would act as an initial contacts for advice and general information on housing maintenance. Consequently, it is often the case that waves of building depilation later turn into the process of urban decay that has been a major problem in most developed cities (Skifter Andersen, 1995). It must be recognised that the local inhabitants are fundamentally the problem solvers and play an important and useful role not only in implementing regeneration strategies but also in maintaining the socio-economic improvement of the neighbourhood over the years. As powerlessness is central to peoples experience of poverty and exclusion, the people in general are more likely to involve themselves if they can clearly see their contribution in the city (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2005). Throughout the last number of years, the local citizens have also been emphasizing that new developments should retain their own characteristic and identity in order to reflect their collective memories. Public consultation meetings are no longer satisfying the citizens as they believe that a comprehensive public engagement exercise for the project is required and more channels should be provided for them to express their views on the developments (Lee and Chan, 2008). Research has shown that in the absence of government intervention, property owners are prepared to improve their buildings and edifices since it would enhance the market value of the refurbished properties provided that there is enough information for people to take sensible decisions (Holm, 2000; Gregg and Crosbie, 2001). Besides from having restored building edifices, this type of refurbishment project is estimated to increase the market price of the property which leaves a good profit after deducting the costs of the refurbishment project (Chau et al., 2003). Improvements on the buildings especially on the facades are intuitively expected to have a positive impact on properties adjacent to the building because of the improved visual quality enjoyed by the nearby residents. Likewise, unsightly externalities are created by the unsightliness of poorly maintained properties, thus, refurbishing these poor maintained buildings should reduce or even counter the negative impact (Colwell e t al., 2000; Boyle and Kiel, 2001). Nevertheless, while everyone would benefit from improving the exterior conditions of the buildings, the market value of the properties improved first would have their value depreciated by the dire condition of the neighbouring properties and thus for an individual to take the first step would not be easy. As a result, the unimproved properties would experience an increase in value as a result of the nearby investments done by the others. Consequently, this might also lead to a market failure as the refurbishment process may never take off completely resulting in an investment which is less than what was desired (Hui et al., 2007). Should more information on the enhanced market value of a refurbished building be made available, then the long-term sustainability of a rehabilitation effort would be incorporated into the urban renewal strategies easily, however, one must not forget that the effects may not be felt until a long time. In this particular scenario, the authority in charge sh ould encourage and encourage developers and owners to instigate redevelopment. Ultimately, the process of renewal is a product of an incremental decision making as owners have to decide whether to rehabilitate or redevelop their built land which is subject to facing obsoleteness (Bryson, 1997). Figure 1: Hamdi (2004) Everyone (civic society) should benefit by participating Concluding Remarks As authorities are widely considered as the ones responsible for the process of urban decay, they started to be seen as being unable to engage successfully with the private sector. With the rise of the new conservative movements, the local government started to be marginalised in favour of the private sector when it came to taking decisions (Gullino, 2008). This resulted in private sector being placed at the centre of the renewal activities as these kinds of projects are assumed to attract new financial capital (Bianchini et al., 1992; Loftman and Nevin, 1995). Despite the process of urban renewal through which envir